Тема: Использование метода исследования предметов

материальной культуры на уроках английского языка

Аннотация

Object

based

learning

–

метод

обучения

на

основе

исследования

предметов

материальной

культуры

с

использованием

критического

мышления.

Предметами

исследования могут быть живопись, скульптура, артифакт, исторический документ, карта,

ритуальный предмет, иероглиф, пиктограмма и т.д.

Ученики в группах рассматривают незнакомый им предмет, используя множество

вопросов, предложенные им учителем, обсуждают, высказывают свои мнения, записывая

ответы на вопросы в таблицы. Они выясняют, какова его роль и значимость в мире – в

прошлом, настоящем и будущем. Эта стратегия используется музеями Англии и Америки.

Например,

Национальный

музей

истории

США

проводит

экскурсии

и

уроки

с

использованием

данной

методики.

Также

школы,

колледжи

и

университеты

организовывают

дискуссионные

занятия,

которые

дают

учащимся

возможность

прикоснуться к истории и культуре народов мира.

В

данной

методической

разработке

с

презентацией

использован

национально

–

региональный компонент – информация о ритуальном предмете бурятской культуры -

синем хадаке.

Object based learning – The Buryat khadak

Title of lesson: «The Sacral Object of the Prebaikal people»

Grade level: 10 – 11

Lesson duration: 90 min.

Subject Areas: Area Studies, History, Art and Culture, Music

Objectives:

1.

to engage students in language learning strategies and critical thinking.

2.

to introduce students to some aspects of the Buryat culture – use of the Buryat khadak.

Questions to think about the object:

1.

Why is this object important to introduce to students?

2.

What do they hope they will take away from learning about the object?

Answers:

1.

The object is important to introduce because the Buryat khadak reflects the Buryat

culture that is distinctly original and unique. This object, at first sight, seems to be an

ordinary thing which looks like a blue towel or a silk blue scarf, as a part of clothes. But

for the Buryats the khadak is the first thing a guest can see when he meets these people.

It’s a symbol of respect to guests, parents and old people. It’s also the symbol of

friendliness and hospitality. In ancient times the Buryats had a tradition to treat any

guests who come in their home. Before treating they received guests with this blue towel

on which they laid a bowl with white food (milk or sour clotted milk). It meant that they

were glad to meet a stranger and were ready to talk to him. In solemn occasions for

reception of guests hosts killed ship. Nowadays, hosts also having known about coming

of respectable guests, try to find a ship. Eating its meat is a sign of respect to a guest or

special solemnity and importance of arriving guests. And of course before the treatment

you will see blue or white khadaks the meaning of which you’ve known already.

2.

The students will take away from learning about the object the following:

Khadak

1)

is a blue silk scarf, silk towel or a blue ribbon.

2)

reflects original and unique culture of the Buryats who belonged to the Mongolian tribes.

It is also typical for all nomads - cattle – breeders in Central Asia.

3)

was a bun of horse’s hair on the Mongolian banners in ancient times.

4)

is mentioned in the Huns letters in 1 AD.

5)

was the symbol of peace during the long wars between the Mongolian tribes.

6)

In the past was tied to the horns of sacred domestic animals as protection from evil

spirits.

7)

is the first thing a person can see when he gets acquainted with the Buryat culture.

8)

can be given to guests with the white food (dairy food): milk or sour clotted milk.

9)

can be seen on the state insignia of the Republic of Buryatia.

10) can be often seen in the pictures of Buryatia.

11) is the symbol of hospitality, friendliness and respect to people.

12) can be given as a valuable present in any occasions: receiving guests, wedding, a kid’s

birth etc.

13) is the symbol of the Buddhist belief and it can be tied to any Buddhist worship things at

home or in sacred places.

14) is the symbol of the Eternal Blue Sky and a ritual thing for shamans and can be used as a

prayer message to their spirits.

15) can have four more colors: white, red, green and yellow. Each color has its spiritual

meaning.

16) Pictures have sacral meaning.

17) has another name “zalaa” which means a long ribbon, a patch of fabrics, tassels or a bun

of horse’s mane.

18) has a special ritual of presentation.

19) cannot be thrown away with trash as it is a mystic and sacral thing.

20) is a sacred attribute which can protects the Buryats from evil spirits.

21) is normally given to VIP by Dalai Lama.

1.

Организационный момент (Слайд № 1)

Teacher: Hello, everyone! How are you today? (обращается к ученикам)

P1: I’m OK, thanks.

P2: I’m doing well, thank you.

Teacher: Each country has material objects which reflect its culture – traditions and customs.

These cultural objects can be paintings, artifacts, historical documents, different kind of maps,

ritual objects, pictograms, writing signs etc. I think it’ll be interesting to see an object you’ve

never seen observe it and find out what culture it belongs to, to learn about its origin and history.

And now guess, what are we going to discuss today at the lesson?

P1: I think, we’ll speak about people’s culture and their national objects.

P2: To my mind, it’ll be a lesson of discovery of something interesting about cultural objects.

P3: I believe, I’ll learn something new about an object which I might see or hear of it.

Teacher: Thanks for your opinions. You’re quite right. Today we are going to think critically and

discuss a problem on the topic «The Sacral Object of the Prebaikal people».

As you know

in our country there are 83 per cent of Russians and 17 per cent are people of different

nationalities. Today I would want to tell you about the Buryat people who are related to the Northern

Mongolian tribes and long ago they were nomadic tribes and today they lead a settled life on the Baikal’s

shores. The object you should observe, deduce and infer is a mysterious symbol which reflects the Buryat

people’s culture and traditions.

2.

Фонетическая зарядка

Teacher: Let’s read this poem, please: (Слайд № 2)

(Ученик читает высказывание и переводит, затем учитель дает образец правильного произношения

звуков

и

интонации,

затем

ученики

индивидуально

повторяют

высказывание

за

учителем

и

окончательно хором).

Baikal is always solemn and festive,

Magnetic and enigmatic

as natural and sacral altar of Tengrins, as a blue khadak from Supreme Being.

Teacher: And now, answer these questions. (Ученики отвечают на вопросы в режиме T - P1, T – P2)

I observe

I wonder

What do students observe about the object?

What further questions do they have about the

object and its culture?

Questions:

1.

What land does the poet tell about?

2.

Why

is

Baikal

solemn,

festive

and

magnetic?

3.

Why is it enigmatic?

4.

What does a word “sacral” mean?

5.

What are Tengrins?

6.

What is Supreme Being?

7.

Why do you think a blue khadak is

mentioned in the poem?

8.

What do you think it symbolizes?

9.

What spiritual meaning does the object

have?

Students’ questions:

1.

Who are the Buryats?

2.

Why is the object so important to the

Buryats?

3.

How can they use the object?

4.

What values does it have?

5.

How does the object reflect the Buryat

people culture?

10. What can you tell about this object?

What is it like?

11. Can this object be sacral? Why?

3.

The main part “Observation and conclusions of the object’s properties”

(Учитель раздает таблицы с вопросами)

Properties of an object

Observe, Deduce and Infer

Physical Features



What is it like?



What culture can it belong to?



How old can it be?



Why has it got this color?



What can this color symbolize?



Why is this shape used?

Function/Purpose



Who can use it?



What is it used for?



In what occasions is it used?



Does it have more than one function?

Construction/Manufacturing Techniques



Who made it?



How was it made?



Is it made by machine or by hand?

Value



Does

the

object

have

monetary,

spiritual,

aesthetic,

sentimental

or

practical value?



Does the object mean different things

to different people?



How does the object reflect the person,

community,

or

culture

that

used

or

made it?

Handout 1

(Учитель раздает каждой группе синий хадак)

Teacher: Observe the object and discuss the following questions. Write down your answers in

the table. You have 5 minutes to do the task:

1)

What is it like?

2)

How big can it be?

3)

Why is it blue? What can this color symbolize?

4)

What shape is it?

Teacher: What have you observed about this object?

(Ученики из каждой группы отвечают

на вопросы)

Teacher: And now I’ll tell you about the object and we’ll compare if you have had the same

answers and what group found out it correctly.

(Слайд № 3)

Today in Buryatia to present a khadak with a white food (milk or sour clotted milk) even on the

governmental level has become a common ritual. A long silk blue scarf or towel is one of the

Buddhist symbols, is a necessary attribute to receive dear guests: local authority, statesmen,

celebrities. Dalai Lama gives khadak to VIP too.

1.

This object, at first sight, seems to be an ordinary thing which looks like a rectangular

blue towel or a silk blue scarf, as a part of clothes. But it should’t be used as a part of

clothes. It can be put on the altar at home or in a hidden place or you can give it to the

person you trust and respect. The Buryats khadak is the first thing a guest can see when

he meets the Buryat people.

2.

The khadak should’t be very big, just the same size that you can see in my hand.

(Слайд

№ 4)

3.

The blue color symbolizes harmony and tranquility, kindness, loyalty, eternity, respect

and man’s long life. It also means the crystal pure Baikal water. In the Mongolian world

this color is the personification of the Eternal Blue Sky, high peaceful heaven, a sacral

altar of Tengrins, Supreme Being. This Mongolian tribes’ cult was originated in ancient

times. It’s also the symbol of male’s origin. But the Buryats use four more colors:

(Учитель показывает разноцветные хадаки и рассказывает, что обозначает каждый

цвет). (Слайд № 5, 6)

What does each color mean?

White is a symbol of pureness of thoughts. This white color has a special sacral meaning for the

Buryats. It’s the color of sacredness and prosperity.

Green is a symbol of the blooming ground, good activity, awakening and eliminating all

obstacles. This color symbolizes Earth – Mother.

Red is a symbol of safety, home and all good wishes. It’s the color of power, strength and

grandeur. The Buryats believe that this color protects them from bad people and witchcraft.

Yellow is a symbol of fertility or mother’s milk, health, wealth, regularity, constancy, warmth and

life. It’s the color of belief and Buddha’s teaching.

Teacher: What is the main color? Why? (Answer: The main color is blue because this color

symbolizes the most important things for this people, they are:

harmony and tranquility,

kindness, loyalty, eternity, respect and man’s long life. In the Mongolian world this color is the

personification of the Eternal Blue Sky, a sacral altar of Tengrins, Supreme Being).

Handout 2

Teacher: Again discuss and complete the chart:

1.

What is it used for?

2.

In what occasions is it used?

3.

Does it have more than one function?

4.

How many kinds of the object did you learn about?

Teacher: Let’s see if your answers are right about the object’s function and purpose.

(Слайд № 6, 7)

Teacher: Khadak was used in the ritual traditions of nomads – cattle breeders originated from ancient

times. In the epoch of antiquity (since 1 A.D.) the territory of Transbaikalia was the place of a powerful

state of the Huns, whose main occupation was cattle – breeding. It is the most natural occupation,

providing welfare of a family and a kin. In the Huns letters one can find the first mention about zalaa.

Zalaa is a kind of khadak, it looks like a ribbon made of silk or other fabrics. They

tied colorful ribbons

to trees in their sacred places.

There are some traditions connected with the khadak. For example,

proposing to a bride, a fiancé should bring a khadak to the gods’ altar in the house of the bride’s parents.

And the bride, in her turn, coming to the fiancé

, should tie a red ribbon to their gods’

altar. Also in the

past a khadak with a silver coin was tied to a new yurta. (Yurta is a Buryat house made of wool). The

mutual gifts given during the wedding ceremony are considered to be the obligatory condition for both

sides. The Buryats believe that these ritual patches of material have a magic power, and they are used

as

the protection from the evil spirits.

The Buryats had a ritual to tie a ribbon to the horns of domestic animals such as: horses, goats, cows,

oxen, sarlyk (mixture of yak and bull), khainaki (mixture of yak and cow of the Mongolian breed),

camels. It means that these domestic animals are sacred and they shouldn’t be killed by their hosts.

They also tied colorful ribbons to a shaman’s clothes, trees at mountain passes. Doing this rituals with the

ribbons, they hope that their wishes and prayers will be heard by Tengrin, their Supreme Being. They

believe that their land and Baikal is sacral basin of the Earth and serves for communication with parallel

worlds, extraterrestrial civilizations.

(It is used as a prayer message to the Supreme powers).

It’s considered that when the wind sways the khadak and a man who ties a ribbon, sends his

prayers to the heavens, even if he does any work at the moment. The khadak’s tassels are also

called with a word “zalaa”. Before the ritual of initiation into shaman, a blue ribbon was tied to a

log pole. This ritual is called “zalaalakha’’. Originally, instead of zalaa the Buryats tied a bun of

the horse’s mane. One could see these buns on the Mongolian banners of Ghingis Khan’s troops.

A tug banner was taken as a spirit of ancestor (sulde), real reflection of his life energy. On the

Mongolian banners totems were depicted as well. Ancient Mongolian tribes, making peace

during their battles, gave very long khadaks to each other just to conclude armistice. The Buryats

believe that a man’s energy is in his hair and horse’s hair. The hair was associated with fertility,

reproduction and prosperity. (It is used as commemoration of their ancestors).

Teacher: As we’ve learned before, the object has two functions: 1) it can be used as a ritual

towel or a scarf for receiving guests and it is as a sign of respect and hospitality. 2) it can be used

as a sacral thing for religious rituals. And maybe you’ve found out more functions?

Handout 3 (Слайд № 8, 9)

Teacher: Answer this question, please! How many types of the object did you learn about? Fill

in the gaps with the word which means a type of the object.

1.

A different color ribbon made of soft silk or other material is called _________________.

2.

The Buryats normally tie ___________________ to their new yurtas (houses).

3.

The khadak’s ______________ are also called with the word “zalaa”.

4.

Originally, instead of zalaa the Mongols tied ________________________ to their

banners

.

5.

The Mongolian tribes exchanged _________________ with one another to make peace during

their wars.

Handout 4

Teacher: And now discuss:

Construction/Manufacturing Techniques



Who made it?



How was it made?



Is it made by machine or by hand?

Answers: (Слайд № 10)



Khadaks are made by special workers in the Chinese monastery called Gum Bum, it’s a

Buddhist monastery where they have their own khadak factory.



Khadaks are made of silk by machine and khadaks for solemn occasions are embroidered

by hand.

Handout 5

Teacher: Let’s discuss the last chart’s point. Let’s discuss it together.

Value (Слайд № 11 – 16)



Does the object have monetary, spiritual, aesthetic, sentimental or practical value?



Does the object mean different things to different people?



How does the object reflect the person, community, or culture that used or made it?

Learn these words:

1.

Monetary – монетный, денежный, валютный

2.

Spiritual – духовный

3.

Aesthetic – подлинный, достоверный, верный, аутентичный

4.

Sentimental – сентиментальный

5.

Practical – практичный

Students’ answers:

1.

I don’t think it has monetary value because …

2.

I think the object has spiritual value because…

3.

I think the object has aesthetic value because…

4.

I think the object has sentimental value because …

5.

I don’t think it has practical value because the Buryat people don’t use it every day but

only in solemn occasions: wedding, receiving guests, kids’ birth etc.

Teacher: And finally let’s find out which group answered the questions correctly. (Учащиеся

оценивают ответы каждой группы).

Teacher: Now I’d like you tell about the object using the questions in the chart as a plan.

(Учащиеся из каждой группы рассказывают о предмете, используя вопросы в таблице).

Рефлексия

Teacher:

1.

What did you learn today about?

2.

What interesting facts about the Buryat culture did you learn?

3.

What else would you like to learn about this culture?

Handout 6 (Слайд № 17)

Teacher: And now I can show you how the blue khadak should be given to a guest.

How to present khadak?

The khadak is presented unfolded on the palms of the both hands, slightly holding it with the

thumbs. The khadak is folded in half forming two layers. The upper side of the khadak should be

turned to a person. It means respect and that your thoughts are pure and you have good

intentions. The person in his turn should take the khadak with his both hands and he should bow

touching the khadak with his forehead. (And Russian people normally bow low to dear guests).

Then you should put the khadak on the neck or shoulders, you shouldn’t tie it, or you can fold it

up and put it into your inside pocket. The Buryats can’t throw it away with trash. It’s considered

to be desecration of man’s life energy. Therefore they keep it at home’s altar or in any secluded

spot, hidden place just not to drop or stamp this sacral thing. They can also give the khadak to

other people or tie it in sacred places.

Handout 7 Students dramatize a scene of skit that incorporates the object.

4.

Рефлексия

Teacher:

1.

What did you learn today about?

2.

What interesting facts about the Buryat culture did you learn?

3.

What else would you like to learn about this culture?

5/ Домашнее задание

Students should write a set of directions for how and when to use the object and sketch

accompanying illustrations.