БЮДЖЕТНОЕ ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ

ОМСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

«ОМСКИЙ АВИАЦИОННЫЙ КОЛЛЕДЖ ИМЕНИ Н.Е.ЖУКОВСКОГО»

ЛЕКСИКО-ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЙ ТРЕНАЖЕР ДЛЯ БУДУЩИХ

СПЕЦИАЛИСТОВ: УПРАЖНЕНИЯ ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ

СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТИ 10.02.05 ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ ИНФОРМАЦИОННОЙ

БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ АВТОМАТИЗИРОВАННЫХ СИСТЕМ

Составили:

Антонова О.Н

Маслакова Л.М.

2025

ПОЯСНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ЗАПИСКА

Настоящий сборник грамматических упражнений разработан в соответствии с

учебными программами и требованиями по профессиональной подготовке студентов

второго курса, осваивающих специальность 10.02.05 «Обеспечение информационной

безопасности

автоматизированных

систем».

Основная

цель

—

развитие

коммуникативных навыков, необходимых для профессиональной деятельности, а

также углубление знаний по английскому языку в области лингвистики, лексики и

грамматики, с учетом особенностей межкультурной коммуникации.

В процессе изучения предлагаемых упражнений особое внимание уделяется освоению

разрядам

существительных,

их

правильному

использованию

в

контексте

профессиональной деятельности. Кроме того, большое значение придается изучению

притяжательного падежа, что способствует формированию навыков корректного

выражения принадлежности и связей между объектами и субъектами в английском

языке. Особое место в сборнике занимает развитие навыков диалогической речи, что

необходимо

для

эффективного

ведения

межличностных

коммуникаций

в

профессиональной сфере. В рамках упражнений предусмотрены практические задания

по описанию людей — их внешности, характера и личностных качеств, что

способствует развитию умения создавать развернутые устные и письменные описания

на английском языке.

Также важной составляющей программы является ознакомление с особенностями

национального характера англичан и американцев. В разделе, посвященном описанию

культурных различий, студенты познакомятся с нормативами речевого этикета

представителей

англоязычной

культуры,

что

является

важным

аспектом

межкультурной коммуникации и способствует развитию культурной компетентности.

В рамках сборника включены материалы для чтения и анализа текстов о Соединенном

Королевстве Великобритании и Северной Ирландии, а также о Соединенных Штатах

Америки. Эти задания помогают студентам понять особенности исторического,

культурного и социального развития англоязычных стран и развивают навыки работы

с текстами на английском языке.

Таким образом, данный сборник представляет собой комплексный инструмент для

формирования профессиональных языковых компетенций, а также способствует

развитию межкультурной коммуникации и пониманию особенностей англоязычной

культуры, что особенно важно для специалистов, обеспечивающих информационную

безопасность автоматизированных систем в условиях глобализации и межкультурных

взаимодействий.

Unit 1

Лингвострановедческие реалии изучаемого языка

In the process of mastering a foreign language, understanding its sociocultural and geopolitical

realities is as crucial as grasping its grammar and vocabulary. Language is inherently intertwined

with the history, traditions, and worldview of its speakers, making it a unique reflection of their

collective identity. For instance, the English language is deeply embedded in the history of the

British Isles, carrying with it centuries of cultural evolution, colonial history, and global influence.

Recognizing idiomatic expressions, cultural references, and social norms is essential for developing

intercultural competence and avoiding misunderstandings. Moreover, language varieties such as

dialects, accents, and sociolects offer insight into regional and social distinctions within a speech

community. These variations often mirror historical migrations, social hierarchies, and cultural

exchanges. For example, American English and British English differ not only in pronunciation and

spelling but also in vocabulary and usage, reflecting distinct historical developments.

Understanding the socio-political context of a language also enhances comprehension. The role of

official languages in nation-building, language policies, and issues of linguistic minorities are

critical components of language sociolinguistics. For example, the presence of Welsh in Wales or

Catalan in Catalonia reflects ongoing struggles for cultural identity and political autonomy.

Furthermore, the study of language contact phenomena, such as borrowing, code-switching, and

pidginization, illustrates the dynamic and adaptive nature of language in multicultural and

multilingual settings. These phenomena exemplify how languages influence each other and evolve

over time, often in response to social, economic, and political pressures. Overall, an in-depth

knowledge of the sociocultural and geopolitical realities associated with a language enriches

linguistic competence and fosters genuine intercultural communication.

Упражнение 1: Заполните пропуски подходящими формами слов в скобках

1. The study of language __________ (intertwine) with history, culture, and politics.

2. Recognizing idiomatic expressions __________ (be) crucial for intercultural competence.

3. Different dialects __________ (reflect) historical migrations and social distinctions.

4. The differences between American and British English __________ (not only / be) in

pronunciation but also in vocabulary.

5. Language policies __________ (play) a significant role in nation-building processes.

6. The presence of regional languages __________ (indicate) ongoing struggles for cultural identity.

7. Borrowing and code-switching __________ (illustrate) the adaptive nature of language.

8. The evolution of languages __________ (often / respond) to social and political pressures.

9. Understanding socio-political contexts __________ (help) avoid misunderstandings.

10. Multicultural settings __________ (create) opportunities for language contact phenomena.

11. Language varieties __________ (serve) as markers of social and regional identity.

12. The influence of colonial history __________ (be) evident in many former colonies' languages.

13. Language is a mirror of a community’s worldview and cultural values.

14. The recognition of linguistic minorities __________ (be) vital for social cohesion.

15. A comprehensive approach to language learning __________ (include) sociocultural aspects.

Упражнение 2: Преобразуйте активные предложения в пассивные

1 Linguists study sociocultural aspects of language.

2 Language policies influence national identity.

3 Speakers use idiomatic expressions to express cultural ideas.

4 Regional dialects reflect historical migratory patterns.

5 Language contact phenomena shape linguistic evolution.

6 Governments promote the official use of minority languages.

7 Cultural references are embedded in everyday speech.

8 Historians analyze language changes over centuries.

9 Language learners understand social norms through context.

10 Sociolinguists examine the impact of social hierarchies on language.

11 Multilingual communities develop unique linguistic features.

12 Researchers investigate the influence of colonial history on language.

13 Language reflects the worldview of its speakers.

14 Language varieties are studied to understand social distinctions.

15 Sociocultural factors influence language change.

Упражнение 3: Заполните пропуски правильной формой слова в скобках

1. The influence of colonial history __________ (be) evident in many world languages.

2. Recognition of linguistic minorities __________ (consider) vital for social cohesion.

3. Language policies __________ (shape) national identities worldwide.

4. Dialects and accents __________ (serve) as markers of regional identity.

5. Borrowings from other languages __________ (illustrate) contact phenomena.

6. The understanding of social norms __________ (develop) through language use.

7. Multicultural communities often __________ (experience) language contact situations.

8. The evolution of language __________ (often / respond) to social change.

9. Cultural references in language __________ (embody) shared values.

10. The study of language contact phenomena __________ (foster) a better understanding of

linguistic change.

11. Sociolinguistic research __________ (highlight) the importance of context in language use.

12. The role of language in nation-building __________ (be) a complex sociopolitical process.

13. The diversity of language varieties __________ (reflect) social and regional diversity.

14. Language contact __________ (lead) to the creation of pidgins and creoles.

15. The recognition of language rights __________ (be) fundamental for cultural preservation.

Упражнение 4: Используйте слова из списка, чтобы составить предложения

Слова: identity, influence, contact, norms, diversity, heritage, policy, evolution, expression,

community

1 Language is a key part of cultural __________.

2 Colonial history continues to __________ the development of many languages.

3 Language __________ occurs when speakers of different tongues interact.

4 Social __________ determine how language is used in different settings.

5 The __________ of a language often reflects its speakers' values and traditions.

6 Preserving linguistic __________ is vital for maintaining cultural diversity.

7 Government __________ impact how minority languages are recognized and protected.

8 The __________ of language is an ongoing process influenced by social change.

9 Art and literature serve as powerful forms of cultural __________.

10 The __________ of language in a community can strengthen social bonds.

Упражнение 5: Составьте 5 сложных предложений, используя слова из списка

Слова: cultural, language, influence, identity, history

Пример: The influence of language on cultural identity is a subject of extensive study in

sociolinguistics.

The rich history of a nation is often reflected in its language, which serves as a vessel of cultural

identity.

Language plays a crucial role in shaping the cultural perceptions and worldview of its speakers.

The influence of colonial history can be seen in the linguistic landscape of many formerly colonized

countries.

Preserving indigenous languages is essential for maintaining the cultural heritage and identity of

minority communities.

The evolution of language is deeply intertwined with cultural exchanges and historical

developments over centuries.

Unit 2

Этикет. Притяжательный падеж

Диалог 1: Business Meeting Etiquette

A: Good morning, Richard. I appreciate you taking the time to meet today.

B: Good morning. The pleasure is mine. I believe clear communication is essential in establishing

trust.

A: Absolutely. Could you please clarify your company's stance on corporate social responsibility?

B: Certainly. We prioritize sustainability and ethical practices in all our operations.

A: That’s impressive. Do you follow any specific protocols when initiating a partnership?

B: Yes, we usually conduct a detailed due diligence process and ensure transparency from the

outset.

A: I see. In our culture, punctuality is a sign of respect. Do you consider it crucial?

B: Very much so. We also value punctuality highly; it reflects professionalism.

A: When discussing sensitive issues, do you prefer formal language or a more casual tone?

B: Formal language is generally preferred, but a friendly tone helps build rapport.

A: That makes sense. How do you usually handle disagreements during negotiations?

B: We aim to address conflicts diplomatically and seek mutual solutions without escalation.

A: Excellent approach. Do you believe that non-verbal cues are important in communication?

B: Definitely. Eye contact and a firm handshake are considered signs of confidence and sincerity.

A: I agree. Would you mind if we set up a follow-up meeting next week?

B: Not at all. I will have my assistant coordinate the details.

A: Perfect. Thank you again for your time, Mr. Smith.

B: The pleasure was mine. Looking forward to our collaboration.

A: Likewise. Have a great day.

B: You too. Goodbye.

Упражнение 1.

1 What is considered a sign of respect in professional meetings?

2 How do Anglo-Saxons typically approach disagreements during negotiations?

3 What does "due diligence" imply in business contexts?

4 Why is non-verbal communication important in Anglo-American culture?

5 What is the preferred tone when discussing sensitive issues?

Диалог 2: Social Formalities at a Networking Event

A: Hello, Elizabeth. It’s a pleasure to meet you at this event.

B: Hello, James. The pleasure is mine. I’ve heard a lot about your work in digital marketing.

A: Thank you. I always believe that politeness and respect are the foundations of good networking.

B: Absolutely. When you introduce yourself, do you prefer to include your professional title?

A: Yes, I think it’s polite and gives context. Do you usually exchange business cards?

B: Certainly. Proper exchange of business cards is a sign of respect and professionalism.

A: Do you think it’s appropriate to ask about someone’s personal life during initial conversations?

B: Generally, it’s better to avoid personal topics; focus on common professional interests.

A: That’s true. How do you show appreciation after a fruitful conversation?

B: A follow-up email expressing gratitude is customary.

A: I agree. Would you like to continue this discussion over coffee?

B: I’d love to. Let’s find a quiet corner.

A: Excellent idea. Also, remember to listen attentively and ask thoughtful questions.

B: Definitely. Active listening is a key part of respectful communication.

A: Well, I look forward to learning more about your projects.

B: Same here. Let’s stay in touch.

A: Absolutely. Thanks for the chat.

B: My pleasure. Have a great evening.

Упражнение 2.

1 What is a sign of politeness when exchanging contact information at a networking event?

2 Why should initial conversations focus on professional interests?

3 What is a typical way to show appreciation after a successful meeting?

4 How can active listening be demonstrated during a conversation?

5 What is the importance of including your professional title during introductions?

Диалог 3: Formal Etiquette in a Dinner Setting

A: Would you prefer to sit here or over there?

B: I think over there by the window would be more comfortable.

A: Very well. I always try to observe proper table manners, especially in formal settings.

B: Same here. Do you mind if I start with the appetizer?

A: Not at all. Just remember to use the correct utensils and avoid speaking with your mouth full.

B: Of course. When engaging in conversation, is it better to focus on the person across from you?

A: Yes, maintaining eye contact shows attentiveness and respect.

B: What about interrupting? Is it considered rude?

A: Absolutely. Wait until the person finishes speaking before contributing.

B: And how should I excuse myself if I need to leave early?

A: A polite apology and a brief explanation are appropriate.

B: Thank you. I always try to be considerate of others’ comfort during such events.

A: That’s the right attitude. Good manners help create a positive impression.

B: Indeed. I find that showing genuine interest in others’ opinions fosters better rapport.

A: Exactly. Shall we order dessert now?

B: Yes, I’d love to try the chocolate mousse.

A: Excellent choice. Let’s enjoy this lovely evening.

B: Agreed. Thank you for your gracious company.

A: The pleasure is mine. Let’s keep this etiquette in mind for future occasions.

Упражнение 3.

1 What is the correct etiquette regarding utensils during formal dining?

2 Why is maintaining eye contact important in formal dinners?

3 How should one excuse oneself if leaving early?

4 What is the significance of showing genuine interest in others’ opinions?

5 What is the proper way to handle interruptions during conversation?

Диалог 4: Telephone Etiquette in Business Communication

A: Hello, this is Susan from ABC Corporation. May I speak with Mr. Johnson, please?

B: Good morning, Susan. This is Mr. Johnson speaking. How can I assist you?

A: I wanted to discuss the upcoming project deadline and ensure all requirements are met.

B: Certainly. I appreciate your proactive approach. Could you please clarify which specific

deliverables you’re referring to?

A: Of course. Primarily the final report and presentation slides. Are there any updates from your

team?

B: Yes, we’ve completed the initial drafts and are currently reviewing them. When do you need the

final versions?

A: Ideally by next Wednesday, to allow time for review. Would that be feasible?

B: Yes, that works perfectly. I’ll inform my team accordingly.

A: Excellent. Also, please remember to confirm receipt of the documents once sent.

B: Absolutely. I’ll send a confirmation email immediately after receiving them.

A: Thank you for your cooperation. If any issues arise, don’t hesitate to contact me.

B: Will do. Thanks for the update, Susan. Have a great day.

A: You too, Mr. Johnson. Goodbye.

B: Goodbye.

Упражнение 4.

1 What is an important practice when sending important documents via email?

2 Why is it helpful to clarify specific deliverables during a call?

3 What should you do if you receive an email but haven’t received the expected documents?

4 How can proactive communication benefit business relationships?

5 What is a good closing phrase in a formal phone call?

Диалог 5: Apologizing and Making Amends

A: I want to sincerely apologize for the oversight in the recent report.

B: I appreciate your honesty. Such mistakes can happen, but it’s important to address them

promptly.

A: Absolutely. I’ve already taken steps to correct the errors and resend the updated version.

B: That’s responsible of you. Transparency is valued in our culture.

A: Thank you. I also want to assure you that I will implement stricter review processes moving

forward.

B: That’s a good approach. Do you think this incident might affect our ongoing partnership?

A: No, I believe that transparency and swift action can actually strengthen our collaboration.

B: I agree. It’s crucial to learn from mistakes and improve.

A: I will personally oversee the quality control in future reports.

B: Excellent. Your commitment to professionalism is evident.

A: I appreciate your understanding. Please accept my apologies once again.

B: No problem. Mistakes are part of the process.

A: Thank you for your patience and support.

B: Of course. Let’s move forward positively.

A: Agreed. Have a wonderful day.

B: You too, and thank you for your integrity.

Упражнение 5.

1 What is the most appropriate response to an apology in a professional context?

2 How can admitting mistakes impact professional relationships?

3 What steps should be taken after discovering an error in a report?

4 Why is transparency important in a business partnership?

5 What is a good attitude to adopt after making a mistake?

Притяжательный падеж

Притяжательный падеж (possessive case) в английском языке используется для выражения

принадлежности.

Примеры:

Школа (school) — учебное заведение для школьников.

Университет (university) — высшее учебное заведение.

Учитель (teacher) — преподаватель.

Студент (student) — учащийся в учебном заведении.

Учебный план (curriculum) — программа обучения.

Образование притяжательного падежа:

Добавление апострофа и буквы "s" ('s) к существительному:

my school — моя школа

the teacher's book — книга учителя

the student's notebook — тетрадь студента

Примеры:

My school's facilities are modern. — Учебные здания моей школы современные.

The university's library is large. — Библиотека университета большая.

The teacher's lesson was interesting. — Урок учителя был интересным.

The student's project was excellent. — Проект студента был отличным.

Упражнение 1: Заполните пропуски с правильной формой притяжательного падежа

1 It is ___ (you / polite) to greet your colleagues with a handshake.

2 I appreciate ___ (you / help) in preparing for the meeting.

3 ___ (she / professional) attitude always impresses clients.

4 Can I borrow ___ (you / pen)? I forgot mine.

5 ___ (they / respect) punctuality is crucial in business.

6 Please remember ___ (you / manners) during formal dinners.

7 We value ___ (our / company) reputation highly.

8 ___ (he / first impression) was very positive.

9 I enjoyed ___ (we / discussion) about future collaborations.

10 ___ (my / boss) advice was very helpful.

11 It’s important to maintain ___ (your / eye contact) during negotiations.

12 ___ (her / presentation) skills are improving every day.

13 We are committed to ___ (our / clients) satisfaction.

14 ___ (their / response) to our proposal was very encouraging.

15 Thank you for ___ (your / cooperation).

Упражнение 2: Переведите предложения, используя притяжательный падеж

1 Это их (их / деловая этика) важнее всего.

2 Его (его / презентация) произвела впечатление на всех.

3 Наша (наша / репутация) — наш главный актив.

4 Я ценю ваше (вы / участие) в этом проекте.

5 Ее (ее / профессиональный / стиль) очень выделяется.

6 Мои (мои / заметки) помогли мне подготовиться.

7 Их (их / предложение) было очень убедительным.

8 Наш (наш / менеджер) очень компетентен.

9 Его (его / опыт) ценится в нашей компании.

10 Ваш (ваш / вклад) очень важен.

11 Ее (ее / навыки) коммуникации постоянно улучшаются.

12 Наши (наши / клиенты) — наша главная забота.

13 Мое (мое / мнение) совпадает с вашим.

14 Их (их / реакция) очень положительная.

15 Спасибо за ваше (ваше / сотрудничество).

Упражнение 3: Выберите правильную притяжательную форму

1 (Her / Hers) presentation was very convincing.

2 We need to improve (our / ours) communication skills.

3 I like (your / yours) attitude during negotiations.

4 This is (their / theirs) responsibility.

5 Mr. Smith is (his / him) own boss.

6 We appreciate (your / yours / you) cooperation.

7 The success of (our / ours) project depends on teamwork.

8 Is this (her / hers) idea?

9 They took (their / theirs) time to prepare the report.

10 I admire (her / hers) professionalism.

11 This is (my / mine) personal opinion.

12 The decision is (our / ours).

13 Could you please review (your / yours) documents?

14 It’s (their / theirs) turn to speak.

15 This is (your / yours) responsibility.

Упражнение 4: Переделайте предложения, добавляя притяжательный падеж

1 This is the manager’s office. → This is ___ (the manager / office).

2 The client’s feedback was very positive. → ___ (the client / feedback) was very positive.

3 Our team’s efforts paid off. → ___ (our / team / efforts) paid off.

4 The company’s policy is very strict. → ___ (the company / policy) is very strict.

5 Her attitude impresses everyone. → ___ (she / attitude) impresses everyone.

6 His proposal was accepted. → ___ (he / proposal) was accepted.

7 The employees’ training was comprehensive. → ___ (the employees / training) was

comprehensive.

8 The CEO’s speech was inspiring. → ___ (the CEO / speech) was inspiring.

9 Our customer service is excellent. → ___ (we / customer service) is excellent.

10 Their product line is expanding. → ___ (they / product line) is expanding.

11 My colleague’s suggestion was very helpful. → ___ (I / colleague / suggestion) was very

helpful.

12 The department’s goals are ambitious. → ___ (the department / goals) are ambitious.

13 The organization’s vision is clear. → ___ (the organization / vision) is clear.

14 The student’s project received praise. → ___ (the student / project) received praise.

15 The supplier’s delivery was on time. → ___ (the supplier / delivery) was on time.

Упражнение 5: Переведите на английский, вставляя правильную притяжательную

форму

1. Это моя ответственность.

2. Ее профессиональные навыки очень ценятся.

3. Наш клиент очень доволен услугами.

4. Их реакция была очень положительной.

5. Твой вклад в проект очень важен.

6. Его презентация произвела впечатление.

7. Мои заметки помогут подготовиться к встрече.

8. Ее советы очень полезны.

9. Наши отношения с клиентами укрепляются.

10. Их предложение было очень интересным.

11. Мой опыт помогает решать сложные задачи.

12. Ее внешний вид всегда аккуратен.

13. Наш руководитель дал новые инструкции.

14. Их идея заслуживает внимания.

15. Твоя ответственность — обеспечить качество работы.

Dialogue 1 Discussing Security Protocols

Person A: Good morning, this is John from SecureTech.

Person B: Good morning, John. How can I assist you today?

Person A: I wanted to discuss the current security protocols for our automated systems.

Person B: Certainly. Are you referring to the firewall configurations?

Person A: Yes, but also the intrusion detection systems and access controls.

Person B: Our latest firewall is more robust than the previous version.

Person A: That’s good to hear. How does it compare in terms of response time?

Person B: It’s faster than the older model, reducing threat response time significantly.

Person A: Have there been recent updates to the security policies?

Person B: Yes, the latest updates are more comprehensive than the previous ones.

Person A: And what about the encryption standards? Are they more advanced now?

Person B: Absolutely, the current encryption is stronger than the earlier algorithms.

Person A: Do you think our system’s security is more reliable than competitors’?

Person B: In many aspects, yes, our security measures are more reliable.

Person A: That’s reassuring. Can we schedule a review of the security framework?

Person B: Certainly, I believe it’s more effective than last year’s setup.

Person A: Great. Please send me the updated security assessment report.

Person B: Will do. I’ll prepare a report that’s clearer than the previous one.

Person A: Thank you, I appreciate your support.

Person B: You’re welcome. Ensuring our security is more important than ever.

Exercise 1. Degrees of Comparison of Adjectives. Complete the sentences with the correct

form of the adjective in parentheses.

1 Our latest firewall is __________ (robust) than the previous one.

2 The new encryption standards are __________ (secure) than earlier algorithms.

3 This security protocol is __________ (effective) than the previous version.

4 Our response time is __________ (fast) now, compared to last year.

5 The current threat detection system is __________ (sensitive) than before.

6 The updated policies are __________ (comprehensive) than previous ones.

7 The new system is __________ (reliable) than the older setup.

8 Our security measures are __________ (advanced) than many competitors.

9 The recent security review was __________ (thorough) than the last.

10 The access controls are __________ (strict) now.

11 The intrusion detection system is __________ (efficient) than the previous model.

12 The security updates are __________ (frequent) than before.

13 Our cybersecurity team is __________ (experienced) this year.

14 The encryption algorithm is __________ (strong) than the one used last year.

15 The current security infrastructure is __________ (powerful) than the outdated one.

Dialogue 2. Planning Security Upgrades

Person A: Hello, this is Alice from CyberSecure.

Person B: Hello, Alice. How can I help you today?

Person A: I’d like to discuss potential upgrades to our security infrastructure.

Person B: Sure. Are you considering hardware or software improvements?

Person A: Primarily software, but hardware enhancements are also necessary.

Person B: Our latest antivirus software is more comprehensive than the previous version.

Person A: And how does it compare to the competitors’ products?

Person B: It’s more advanced and offers better real-time protection.

Person A: What about the scalability? Is it more flexible?

Person B: Yes, it’s more scalable than the earlier solutions we used.

Person A: Do you think implementing multi-factor authentication makes our system more secure?

Person B: Absolutely, it’s more secure than single-factor systems.

Person A: Are there any risks associated with the upgrade process?

Person B: The risks are fewer than before, thanks to improved deployment strategies.

Person A: When can we schedule the upgrade sessions?

Person B: I believe next week’s schedule is more convenient than this week’s.

Person A: Excellent. Please prepare a detailed plan.

Person B: Will do. The plan will be clearer than previous proposals.

Person A: Thank you very much.

Person B: You’re welcome. Ensuring our security is more critical than ever.

Exercise 2. Degrees of Comparison of Adjectives. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of

the adjective.

1 The new security software is __________ (comprehensive) than the older version.

2 Our firewall is __________ (strong) than many competitors’ firewalls.

3 The hardware upgrade was __________ (expensive) than expected.

4 The antivirus protection is __________ (reliable) than the previous one.

5 The system’s scalability is __________ (flexible) now.

6 Multi-factor authentication is __________ (secure) than single-factor.

7 The deployment process is __________ (smooth) this time.

8 The threat detection capabilities are __________ (sensitive) than before.

9 The security policies are __________ (strict) now.

10 The system’s resilience is __________ (robust) after the upgrade.

11 The new encryption method is __________ (advanced) than the old one.

12 The staff training was __________ (extensive) this year.

13 The overall security is __________ (better) than last quarter.

14 The backup systems are __________ (efficient) now.

15 The security audit was __________ (thorough) than the previous audit.

Dialogue 3. Addressing Security Concerns

Person A: Good afternoon, this is Mark from InfoSec Solutions.

Person B: Good afternoon, Mark. What can I do for you?

Person A: I wanted to address some concerns about our system’s vulnerability.

Person B: I understand. Have you identified specific weak points?

Person A: Yes, our current security measures are less effective than they should be.

Person B: Our latest security patch is more comprehensive than previous patches.

Person A: Do you think the system is more resilient now?

Person B: It’s more resilient than it was last year.

Person A: Are there any additional steps we should take?

Person B: Implementing multi-layered security is more effective than single-layered.

Person A: How does our system compare to industry standards?

Person B: It’s more aligned now, but still less advanced than the top-tier systems.

Person A: Would regular audits make our system more secure?

Person B: Yes, audits are more beneficial than sporadic checks.

Person A: When can we schedule the next security audit?

Person B: Next month is more suitable than the current month.

Person A: Please prepare a report on the current vulnerabilities.

Person B: I will prepare a report that’s more detailed than the last.

Person A: Thank you for your assistance.

Person B: My pleasure. Improving security is always a priority.

Exercise 3. Degrees of Comparison of Adjectives. Complete the sentences with the correct

form of the adjective.

1 Our current security measures are __________ (adequate) but need improvement.

2 The latest security patch is __________ (comprehensive) than previous patches.

3 The system is __________ (resilient) than it was last year.

4 The security audit was __________ (thorough) than the last one.

5 Our security protocols are __________ (strict) than before.

6 The firewall is __________ (powerful) than the previous model.

7 The encryption is __________ (strong) now.

8 The vulnerability assessment was __________ (detailed) than earlier assessments.

9 The new security policies are __________ (effective) than previous policies.

10 Multi-layered security is __________ (secure) than single-layered security.

11 Our threat detection system is __________ (sensitive) than before.

12 The backup system is __________ (reliable) after the recent upgrade.

13 The staff training was __________ (extensive) this year.

14 The overall security posture is __________ (better) than last quarter.

15 The incident response time is __________ (fast) now.

Dialogue 4. Finalizing Security Measures

Person A: Hello, this is Lisa from SecureNetworks.

Person B: Hello, Lisa. How can I assist?

Person A: I’d like to finalize the security measures for our new automated system.

Person B: Sure. Are you considering the most advanced encryption options?

Person A: Yes, we want the most secure encryption available.

Person B: Our latest encryption protocol is more secure than previous versions.

Person A: Will it be more compatible with our existing infrastructure?

Person B: It’s more compatible than earlier protocols.

Person A: What about the security monitoring tools? Are they more effective now?

Person B: Yes, they are more effective and provide real-time alerts.

Person A: Do you think these measures are more reliable than our previous solutions?

Person B: Absolutely, they are more reliable in preventing breaches.

Person A: When can we implement these security upgrades?

Person B: Early next week is more suitable than later.

Person A: Please prepare a detailed implementation plan.

Person B: I will prepare a plan that’s clearer than before.

Person A: Thank you.

Person B: You’re welcome. Securing our system is more important than ever.

Exercise 4. Degrees of Comparison of Adjectives. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of

the adjective.

1 The encryption protocol is __________ (most secure) than previous versions.

2 Our security monitoring tools are __________ (more effective) than before.

3 The new security measures are __________ (more reliable) than the old ones.

4 The system’s defenses are __________ (stronger) after the upgrade.

5 The firewall is __________ (more advanced) than the previous model.

6 The encryption standards are __________ (more stringent) now.

7 The security team is __________ (more experienced) than last year.

8 The intrusion detection system is __________ (more sensitive) than the previous one.

9 The security policies are __________ (more comprehensive) than in the past.

10 The response time is __________ (faster) now.

11 The backup solutions are __________ (more efficient) after recent improvements.

12 The access controls are __________ (more strict) than before.

13 The cybersecurity measures are __________ (more thorough).

14 The risk management strategies are __________ (more effective).

15 The overall security posture is __________ (better) than last year.

Description of People: Appearance, Character, Personal Qualities

People are the most diverse and interesting part of the world. Each person has unique features that

make them special. When describing someone, we often start with their appearance. For example, a

person might have short blonde hair, blue eyes, and a tall stature. Others might have long brown

hair, green eyes, and a more petite build. Physical features can tell us a lot about a person’s

background and personality. However, appearance is only one aspect of a person. Character and

personal qualities are equally important. Some people are very friendly, outgoing, and sociable.

They enjoy meeting new people and making friends. Others might be more reserved, thoughtful,

and shy. These qualities influence how they act in different situations. For instance, a confident

person tends to speak clearly and take initiative, while a humble person prefers to listen more than

speak. Personal qualities such as honesty, kindness, and patience are highly valued in society. An

honest person always tells the truth, even when it’s difficult. Kind people are caring and willing to

help others. Patience allows someone to stay calm and tolerant during stressful times. People with

strong personal qualities often become good friends, reliable colleagues, and inspiring leaders. In

addition, a person’s personality can change over time. Experiences, education, and environment

shape who they are. Some individuals may develop more confidence or become more

compassionate as they grow older. Despite differences, respect and understanding are essential

when describing others. Recognizing both appearance and inner qualities helps us appreciate the

complexity of human nature.

Exercise 1. Vocabulary Matching (Choose the correct word to complete the sentences)

1 A person with blonde hair has _____ hair color.

2 Someone who is very friendly enjoys making _____.

3 A reserved person is usually _____ in social situations.

4 Honesty is a _____ quality that people respect.

5 An outgoing person likes to _____ new people.

6 When someone is tall, they have a _____ stature.

7 A person with green eyes has _____ eye color.

8 Someone who is kind always _____ others.

9 A confident speaker speaks _____ and clearly.

10 People with patience can stay _____ during stressful times.

11 A shy person may feel _____ in large groups.

12 Appearance refers to a person's _____ features.

13 A person’s personality includes their _____ and behavior.

14 Being reliable means you are _____ to do what you promise.

15 Background can influence a person's _____ and personality.

Exercise 2. Transform sentences using adjectives into sentences with appropriate personal

qualities

1 She is always smiling. → She is a _____ person.

2 He helps everyone in need. → He is a _____ person.

3 They are very honest. → They are known for their _____.

4 She is very confident in herself. → She is a _____ person.

5 He is patient with children. → He is a _____ person.

6 They are shy at first but friendly once you get to know them. → They are _____ but _____

people.

7 She always tells the truth. → She is an _____ person.

8 He never gives up. → He is a _____ person.

9 She is kind to everyone. → She has a _____ personality.

10 He is very brave. → He is a _____ person.

11 They are very reliable workers. → They are _____ workers.

12 She is very creative. → She has a lot of _____.

13 He is very humble about his success. → He is a _____ person.

14 She always stays calm in stressful situations. → She is a _____ person.

15 They are very energetic. → They are full of _____.

1. Banker

Description:

A banker is usually a well-dressed professional who pays attention to their appearance. They often

wear suits, ties, and polished shoes, reflecting their serious attitude towards work. Typically, they

have neat hair, often short and combed carefully. Many bankers are of average height, but their

posture exudes confidence. Their facial expressions are usually calm and composed, showing their

ability to handle stressful situations. They tend to have clear, sharp eyes that convey intelligence

and attentiveness. Bankers often have a professional demeanor, with a friendly yet reserved attitude.

Their personal qualities include being trustworthy, responsible, and detail-oriented. They are

usually very organized and punctual, valuing time highly. Many bankers are ambitious and goal-

driven, always striving to succeed. Their character often reflects discipline and a strong sense of

ethics. They are good at communicating clearly and persuasively. Despite their formal appearance,

many are kind and approachable with clients. Their inner qualities include patience and resilience,

especially in challenging financial times. Overall, a banker’s appearance and character convey

reliability and professionalism.

Exercise 1. Vocabulary and Description (Banker)

Write 19 sentences using the words provided in context:

Appearance, professional, confident, trustworthy, responsible, organized, punctual, serious, reliable,

ambitious, disciplined, ethical, friendly, approachable, sharp, composed, attentive, goal-driven,

respectful.

Exercise 2. Fill in the blanks with suitable words

Complete the sentences with the words: appearance, confident, trustworthy, responsible, organized,

punctual, serious, reliable, ambitious, disciplined, ethical, friendly, approachable, sharp,

composed, attentive, goal-driven, respectful, professional.

1 A banker’s ____ is always impeccable, showing they take their job seriously.

2 They need to be ____ when explaining complex financial matters to clients.

3 Clients look for someone who is ____ and honest.

4 Being ____ means they manage their tasks efficiently without forgetting details.

5 It is important to be ____ so that meetings start on time.

6 A ____ attitude helps bankers handle difficult situations calmly.

7 Their ____ nature pushes them to succeed in their careers.

8 They must act ____ and uphold high ethical standards.

9 A ____ appearance helps establish trust with clients.

10 They are ____ in their work and aim to perform flawlessly.

11 A ____ banker always keeps their promises and maintains confidentiality.

12 ____ behavior creates a positive environment for colleagues.

13 They are ____ and approachable, making it easy for clients to ask questions.

14 Their ____ eyes often scan documents carefully.

15 Staying ____ during negotiations is key to closing deals successfully.

16 They are ____ to their clients’ needs and concerns.

17 Their ____ mindset drives them to reach new financial goals.

18 It’s important to be ____ and respectful to everyone in the workplace.

19 They always present themselves in a ____ manner during meetings.

Exercise 3. Correct the mistakes in the sentences

1 The banker has a very professional appearance and always dress well.

2 He is very responsible and always keep his promises.

3 Bankers are ambitious and always try to reach their target.

4 She is a trustworthy person and handle clients’ money carefully.

5 They are punctual and always arrive on time for meetings.

6 His calm and composed attitude helps him during stressful situations.

7 A reliable banker maintains confidentiality of clients’ data.

8 They are very friendly but not approachable to new clients.

9 She is very disciplined and organized in her work.

10 Their ethical standards are highly valued in the banking industry.

11 He looks confident and sharp when negotiating deals.

12 They are very attentive to clients’ needs and questions.

13 The banker’s appearance is casual, which looks unprofessional.

14 She is goal-driven and always seeks to improve her performance.

15 They are respectful and polite to everyone in the bank.

2 Administrator of Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS)

Description:

An administrator of uninterruptible power supplies is typically a professional who combines

technical expertise with a calm and responsible demeanor. They usually dress in practical,

comfortable clothing suitable for technical work, often wearing polos or shirts with pockets to hold

tools or IDs. Their hair is neat and functional, often short or tied back to avoid interference during

work. They tend to have a focused and attentive look, with sharp eyes that monitor systems

carefully. Their physical appearance is often practical and modest, reflecting their role rather than

fashion. They are usually of average height and build, with a posture that exudes confidence and

readiness. Their character is characterized by patience, meticulousness, and problem-solving skills.

They are responsible and reliable, understanding the importance of maintaining power stability for

critical systems. Their personality is calm and disciplined, especially in stressful situations like

power outages. They communicate clearly and precisely, ensuring everyone understands technical

instructions. Their inner qualities include attentiveness, resilience, and a strong sense of duty.

Despite their technical focus, they are approachable and willing to help colleagues. Overall, their

appearance and character reflect their crucial role in ensuring uninterrupted power supply.

Exercise 1. Vocabulary and description (UPS Administrator)

Fill in the blanks with the words from the list:

appearance, practical, attentive, focused, reliable, disciplined, responsible, calm, confident,

technical, modest, neat, patient, problem-solving, disciplined, approachable, resilient, precise,

professional.

1 The UPS administrator’s ________ is neat and tidy.

2 They dress in ________ clothing suitable for technical tasks.

3 Their eyes are very ________ when monitoring systems.

4 They are ________ and handle stressful situations well.

5 It’s important for them to be ________ to avoid mistakes.

6 They are ________ and take their duties seriously.

7 Their ________ attitude helps them troubleshoot power issues calmly.

8 They are ________ and dependable during power outages.

9 The administrator’s ________ is focused on maintaining system stability.

10 They are ________ and communicate technical details clearly.

11 Their ________ personality makes colleagues trust their expertise.

12 They have a ________ appearance, emphasizing function over fashion.

13 Their ________ attitude helps them stay patient when fixing problems.

14 They are ________ and resilient, ready to work long hours if needed.

15 Despite their technical role, they are ________ and approachable.

16 Their ________ skills help them quickly find solutions.

17 They maintain a ________ demeanor, especially during emergencies.

18 Their ________ qualities make them essential for system uptime.

19 Overall, their ________ and character ensure the safety and stability of power systems.

Exercise 2. Fill in the blanks with adjectives

practical, disciplined, calm, reliable, responsible, punctual, problem-solving, clear, focused, neat,

composed, steady, patient, attentive, resilient, trustworthy, precise, professional, dependable

1 The administrator has a ________ appearance that emphasizes practicality.

2 They are very ________ and can concentrate on complex tasks.

3 Their ________ attitude helps them stay calm under pressure.

4 They are ________ and always dependable during emergencies.

5 Their ________ behavior makes them a trusted team member.

6 They are ________ and always arrive on time.

7 Their ________ skills allow them to fix technical issues quickly.

8 They are ________ and communicate clearly with colleagues.

9 Their ________ nature helps them solve problems effectively.

10 They have a ________ appearance, focusing on function rather than fashion.

11 They remain ________ even during high-stress situations.

12 Their ________ attitude makes them a reliable part of the team.

13 They are ________ and handle technical challenges patiently.

14 Their ________ approach ensures system stability.

15 They are ________ and resilient, ready to work extra hours if needed.

16 Their ________ character makes them respected by peers.

17 They are ________ and attentive to system details.

18 Their ________ demeanor helps in managing crises calmly.

19 Overall, they are ________ and dependable professionals.

3 Programmer

Description:

A programmer is typically a person who spends long hours working at a computer, often dressed

casually. They usually wear comfortable clothing like jeans, t-shirts, or hoodies, prioritizing

comfort over style. Their hair is often unkempt or tied back, and they may wear glasses to reduce

eye strain from screens. They tend to have a relaxed posture, sometimes slouching or leaning

forward towards their monitor. Their appearance is usually modest, reflecting their focus on work

rather than fashion. Programmers often have a focused and attentive look, with eyes glued to their

screens as they work through complex problems. Their character is characterized by patience,

curiosity, and persistence. They are highly analytical and enjoy solving puzzles or coding

challenges. Their personality is often introverted, preferring quiet environments to concentrate.

They are responsible and disciplined, especially when working on deadlines. Despite their reserved

nature, they are creative thinkers who enjoy innovation. They communicate primarily through code

and technical language, but are willing to help colleagues with technical issues. Overall, their

appearance and character reflect their dedication to technology and problem-solving.

Exercise 1. Vocabulary and description (Programmer)

Fill in the blanks with the words from the list:

appearance, casual, focused, attentive, modest, relaxed, disciplined, creative, analytical,

introverted, responsible, persistent, innovative, comfortable, dedicated, observant, technical,

patient, diligent

1 A programmer’s ________ is often casual and practical.

2 They tend to dress in ________ clothing like hoodies and jeans.

3 Their eyes are very ________ when working on complex coding problems.

4 Programmers are often ________ and attentive to detail.

5 Their ________ attitude helps them stay calm under tight deadlines.

6 They are ________ and responsible for their projects.

7 Their ________ personality makes them enjoy solving puzzles.

8 They are ________ thinkers who love finding new solutions.

9 Their ________ nature means they often work alone for long periods.

10 They prefer a ________ environment that allows them to concentrate.

11 Their character is ________ and disciplined, especially in coding tasks.

12 They are ________ and enjoy exploring new technologies.

13 Their ________ gaze is fixed on the computer screen most of the time.

14 They are ________ in their approach, paying great attention to every line of code.

15 Overall, their ________ and appearance reflect their passion for programming.

Exercise 2. Fill in the blanks with adjectives

focused, creative, introverted, responsible, innovative, casual, observant, patient, persistent,

disciplined, analytical, attentive, calm, quiet, problem-solving, diligent, dedicated, responsible,

passionate

1 The programmer’s ________ attitude helps them troubleshoot difficult bugs.

2 They are very ________ and spend hours refining their code.

3 Their ________ personality makes them prefer working alone.

4 They are ________ and responsible for meeting project deadlines.

5 Their ________ approach allows them to think outside the box.

6 They have a ________ appearance, often dressed in casual clothes.

7 Their ________ gaze shows their focus on the task.

8 They are ________ and patient, especially when debugging issues.

9 Their ________ nature drives them to learn new programming languages.

10 They are ________ and disciplined, working diligently to complete projects.

11 Their ________ mind helps them develop innovative solutions.

12 They are often ________ and observant of small details in code.

13 Their ________ attitude helps them keep calm during stressful deadlines.

14 They prefer a ________ environment that minimizes distractions.

15 Their ________ skills include problem-solving and logical thinking.

16 They are ________ and enjoy tackling challenging coding problems.

17 Their ________ personality makes them highly focused on their work.

18 They are ________ and committed to continuous learning.

19 Overall, their ________ and character reflect their passion for programming.

Exercise 3. Correct the mistakes in the sentences

1 The programmer has a very professional appearance and always dress well.

2 He is very responsible and always keep his deadlines.

3 They are very creative and enjoy solving puzzles.

4 She has a casual style, often wearing hoodies and sneakers.

5 The programmer is very attentive and makes few mistakes.

6 His focused attitude helps him complete tasks quickly.

7 The programmer’s appearance is unkempt, which looks unprofessional.

8 They are patient and work well under pressure.

9 She is a responsible coder who always tests her work thoroughly.

10 Their analytical skills are excellent for debugging code.

11 He is very diligent and spends extra hours improving his projects.

12 The programmer’s casual dress code is appropriate for their work environment.

13 They are very observant of small errors in their code.

14 She is very disciplined and always meets her deadlines.

15 Their technical knowledge is impressive and vital to their success.

Unit 3

People Around Us

People come in all shapes, sizes, and personalities, each contributing uniquely to our society. Some

individuals are characterized by their kindness and compassion, always ready to lend a helping hand

or listen empathetically. These empathetic people often work in fields such as healthcare, social

work, or education, where their caring nature makes a significant difference. On the other hand,

there are people known for their ambition and drive; these are the entrepreneurs and innovators who

push boundaries and constantly seek new challenges. Their determination often leads to

groundbreaking discoveries and successful enterprises. Some individuals possess a charismatic

personality, naturally attracting others with their charm and confidence. Such people often become

leaders or influencers, inspiring those around them through their words and actions. Conversely,

introverted persons may prefer solitude or small groups, finding comfort in reflection and deep

thinking. They tend to be thoughtful, reserved, and highly observant, often excelling in fields that

require concentration and analytical skills. Moreover, there are people known for their resilience—

those who face difficulties with unwavering strength and perseverance. Their ability to recover from

setbacks and continue striving towards their goals makes them admirable. In contrast, some

individuals are spontaneous and adventurous, thriving on new experiences and risks. They are often

explorers, travelers, or artists who seek novelty and excitement in life. Finally, many people are a

blend of these traits, displaying a complex mix of personality characteristics that make them unique.

Understanding these different types of people helps us appreciate the diversity and richness of

human nature.

Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words from the list:

(kindness, ambitious, charismatic, introverted, resilient, spontaneous, empathetic, determined,

reflective, adventurous)

1 Sarah is very __________; she always cares deeply about others and listens carefully to their

problems.

2 The __________ leader inspired his team to work harder and achieve their goals.

3 Mark is quite __________; he enjoys traveling alone and exploring new places.

4 Despite facing many failures, she remained __________ and kept trying until she succeeded.

5 John is a very __________ person; he always sets high goals and works tirelessly to reach them.

6 Emma prefers quiet evenings at home, showing her __________ nature.

7 The __________ traveler was eager to try skydiving and bungee jumping during her vacation.

8 His __________ personality made him popular among his peers, and he easily gained followers.

9 After the accident, Lisa showed incredible __________, bouncing back stronger than before.

10 The artist's __________ ideas led her to create innovative and unique artworks.

11 Despite her shy demeanor, she has a __________ ability to connect with others emotionally.

12 Tom’s __________ attitude helps him go after his dreams regardless of obstacles.

13 The __________ explorer documented his adventures in remote parts of the world.

14 Her __________ behavior often surprises her friends, who never know what she will do next.

15 The __________ student often spends hours in deep thought, analyzing complex problems.

Exercise 2. Match the words with their correct definitions:

A. Kindness

B. Ambitious

C. Introverted

D. Resilient

E. Spontaneous

F. Empathetic

G. Charismatic

H. Reflective

I. Adventurous

J. Determined

1 ___ Ability to recover quickly from difficulties

2 ___ Showing a strong desire to succeed or achieve something

3 ___ A personality trait characterized by shyness and preference for solitude

4 ___ Acting on impulse, often without planning in advance

5 ___ The quality of being friendly, generous, and considerate

6 ___ Having a compelling charm or attractiveness that inspires others

7 ___ Showing an understanding of and sharing the feelings of others

8 ___ Thoughtful and contemplative, often involved in deep thinking

9 ___ Willing to take risks and try new experiences

10 ___ Having a clear purpose and unwavering focus on achieving goals

Exercise 3. Write a paragraph (10-15 sentences) using at least five words from the vocabulary

list. Focus on describing a person you admire.

Unit 4

About the National Character of the English

The national character of the English people is often described as a unique blend of tradition,

politeness, reserve, and a dry sense of humor. Historically, the English have been known for their

sense of understatement and their ability to maintain composure in difficult situations. This

characteristic is deeply rooted in their culture and social norms, which emphasize politeness,

restraint, and respect for privacy. One of the most prominent traits of the English is their love for

tradition. They value their historical customs, ceremonies, and institutions, which have been

preserved over centuries. From the ceremonial changing of the guard at Buckingham Palace to the

tradition of afternoon tea, these customs symbolize the importance placed on heritage and

continuity. The English are also renowned for their politeness and courtesy. People often use polite

expressions like "please," "thank you," and "sorry," even in casual conversations. This politeness

reflects their desire to avoid conflict and maintain social harmony. Despite their politeness, the

English tend to be reserved, especially in public, which sometimes gives an impression of aloofness

or coldness. Humor is a vital part of the English character. Their sense of humor is often

characterized by irony, understatement, and self-deprecation. It’s a way of coping with the

uncertainties of life and expressing wit without offending others. The English also have a reputation

for their love of literature, music, and arts, which have played an essential role in shaping their

national identity. Despite being seen as a reserved nation, the English are also known for their

resilience and perseverance. They have historically faced numerous challenges, from wars to

economic crises, and have shown remarkable ability to adapt and overcome difficulties. In

conclusion, the English national character is a complex amalgamation of tradition, politeness,

reserve, humor, resilience, and a deep respect for their cultural heritage. These traits have

contributed to shaping a nation that is both proud of its history and optimistic about its future.

Questions on the Text

1 How is the national character of the English often described?

2 What traits are considered prominent in the English people?

3 Why do the English value their customs and traditions?

4 Name two examples of English customs mentioned in the text.

5 How do the English typically express politeness?

6 What does the reserved nature of the English sometimes give an impression of?

7 What type of humor is characteristic of the English?

8 How does their sense of humor help them cope with life?

9 Besides traditions and humor, what other cultural aspect is important to the English?

10 How have the English shown resilience historically?

11 What role does arts and literature play in the English national identity?

12 Why is maintaining social harmony important in English society?

13 How do the traits of the English contribute to their national pride?

14 What does the text say about the future of the English nation?

15 Summarize the main traits that define the English national character.

Упражнение 1. Вставьте правильную форму слова или предлог

1 The English have a long __________ of respecting traditions.

2 Their sense of humor is often characterized by __________ and understatement.

3 The tradition of afternoon tea is __________ a symbol of British culture.

4 The English are known for their __________ and courteous behavior.

5 Despite their politeness, the English often remain __________ in public.

6 The national character has been __________ by centuries of history.

7 They have a deep __________ for their cultural heritage.

8 Many English people are proud of their __________

9 The English are often __________ as aloof or cold by outsiders.

10 Humor helps the English to __________ with life's uncertainties.

11 The English __________ literature, music, and arts highly.

12 Their resilience has been demonstrated during times of __________

13 The traditions are __________ to maintain a sense of continuity.

14 The humor of the English often __________ on irony and self-deprecation.

15 The country’s history has __________ to the formation of a unique national identity.

Упражнение 2. Исправьте ошибки в предложениях.

1 The English are very polite and courteous.

2 They are often perceived as cold by outsiders.

3 The tradition of afternoon tea is considered a symbol of British culture.

4 Despite their politeness, the English tend to be very aggressive.

5 Their resilience has been demonstrated during times of crisis.

6 The English have a love for literature and arts.

7 They are known for their sense of humor, which is often irony.

8 The English’s respect for their heritage is very strong.

9 They usually remain reserved in public places.

10 Humor helps them to cope with life's uncertainties.

11 The English are proud of their history and traditions.

12 Their cultural heritage is being forgotten.

13 They value their customs and try to preserve them.

14 The British are famous for their humor and resilience.

15 Their respect for privacy is an important part of their character.

Упражнение 3. Переведите предложения, вставляя правильное время или предлог.

1 They are known __________ their reserved nature.

2 The tradition of afternoon tea dates __________ the 19th century.

3 The English have been appreciating humor since they were children.

4 They often meet __________ weekends to socialize.

5 The British have maintained their customs __________ centuries.

6 Their resilience was evident __________ World War II.

7 The English have been valuing literature and arts __________ a long time.

8 They started respecting their cultural heritage __________ many generations ago.

9 The tradition of afternoon tea has become a symbol __________ British hospitality.

10 The English are proud __________ their history.

11 They have been practicing politeness __________ they were young.

12 The English have preserved many customs __________ history.

13 Their sense of humor has always been __________ irony and understatement.

14 They have contributed __________ the world’s literature and arts.

Unit 5

Preposition

Упражнение 1. Fill in the blanks with the correct preposition (in, on, at, with, about).

1 She always takes pride ___ her appearance, especially ___ her hair.

2 He was surprised ___ her sudden change ___ style.

3 The manager looked ___ the report carefully ___ a critical eye.

4 We met ___ the park ___ 3 p.m. to discuss the project.

5 She is very talented ___ ___ making friends quickly.

6 The teacher is standing ___ the blackboard ___ the front of the class.

7 He’s angry ___ the way I spoke ___ him yesterday.

8 I saw a photo ___ the wall ___ my office.

9 The stylist is working ___ her hair ___ the salon.

10 We had a chat ___ the new colleague ___ lunch.

11 The children are playing ___ the playground ___ the school.

12 I will meet you ___ the cafe ___ 5 o’clock.

13 She always talks ___ her childhood memories ___ great enthusiasm.

14 The actor appeared ___ the stage ___ a loud applause.

15 They are discussing plans ___ the upcoming event ___ the meeting.

Упражнение 2. Choose the correct preposition (of, for, to, with, about).

1 She is proud ___ her appearance.

2 They are jealous ___ his success.

3 I am thankful ___ my friends**.

4 He is known ___ his charming smile.

5 The girl is fond ___ singing.

6 The teacher is responsible ___ the students' progress.

7 We are tired ___ the long meeting.

8 He is anxious ___ the interview.

9 She is curious ___ the new student.

10 The artist is famous ___ his portraits.

11 I am committed ___ improving my language skills.

12 They are excited ___ their upcoming trip.

13 He is suspicious ___ her behavior.

14 We are interested ___ learning new languages.

15 She is afraid ___ spiders.

Упражнение 3. Fill in the blanks with the correct preposition (by, with, from, about, on).

1 She was surprised ___ his sudden visit.

2 The message was sent ___ email.

3 He learned ___ listening to podcasts.

4 The model is dressed ___ elegant clothes.

5 I received a gift ___ my friend.

6 She is passionate ___ fashion design.

7 The painting was created ___ a famous artist.

8 He is skilled ___ painting portraits.

9 We heard ___ the news yesterday.

10 The children are excited ___ their new toys.

11 She is famous ___ her unique style.

12 The information was obtained ___ reliable sources.

13 He was injured ___ the accident.

14 The story is based ___ true events.

15 The book is ___ the history of art.

Упражнение 4. Choose the correct preposition (at, with, about, in, on).

1 She smiled ___ her new haircut.

2 They were talking ___ her appearance.

3 He is good ___ socializing.

4 The meeting is ___ 2 p.m.

5 She is upset ___ her performance.

6 He looked ___ the mirror.

7 We are planning to go ___ a walk.

8 The teacher is ___ the classroom.

9 I am keen ___ improving my pronunciation.

10 She was ___ a hurry.

11 He is interested ___ photography.

12 The children are ___ the playground.

13 We are excited ___ the upcoming event.

14 The artist is ___ the studio.

15 She is ___ her best behavior.

Упражнение 5. Fill in the blanks with the correct preposition (to, about, with, in, on).

1 She is speaking ___ her boss.

2 The conversation was ___ politics.

3 I am listening ___ music.

4 He is talking ___ the project details.

5 They are engaged ___ a debate.

6 The artist is working ___ a new sculpture.

7 We are interested ___ modern art.

8 She is committed ___ improving her skills.

9 The teacher explained ___ the new rules.

10 I am focused ___ my studies.

11 He is allergic ___ peanuts.

12 They are working ___ the new design.

13 We are proud ___ our achievements.

14 She is tired ___ working late.

15 He is worried ___ his exam results.

Упражнение 6. Choose the correct preposition (at, with, about, in, on).

1 She is good ___ her appearance.

2 They are proud ___ their heritage.

3 He is interested ___ learning new skills.

4 The doctor is ___ the clinic.

5 We are excited ___ the holiday.

6 She looked ___ her reflection.

7 The kids are ___ the playground.

8 I am worried ___ his health.

9 The manager is ___ the conference room.

10 She is famous ___ her acting talent.

11 They are focused ___ completing the project.

12 He is skilled ___ woodworking.

13 The students are ___ the lecture hall.

14 She is ___ her phone.

15 We are happy ___ our progress.

Упражнение 7. Fill in the blanks with the correct preposition (of, for, about, with, in).

1 She is proud ___ her achievements.

2 They are worried ___ the results.

3 I am grateful ___ my friends.

4 The artist is known ___ his unique style.

5 He is suspicious ___ her motives.

6 We are excited ___ the upcoming concert.

7 She is interested ___ history.

8 The manager is responsible ___ the team.

9 He is fond ___ playing chess.

10 The children are excited ___ their new toys.

11 She is committed ___ her work.

12 They are passionate ___ environmental issues.

13 I am curious ___ her story.

14 The teacher is enthusiastic ___ teaching.

15 We are thankful ___ the support.

Упражнение 8. Choose the correct preposition (to, about, with, on, in).

1 She is speaking ___ her friend.

2 The discussion was ___ environmental issues.

3 I am listening ___ my favorite podcast.

4 He is talking ___ his experience.

5 They are engaged ___ a serious debate.

6 The artist is working ___ a new project.

7 We are interested ___ exploring different cultures.

8 She is committed ___ her career goals.

9 The teacher explained ___ the assignment.

10 I am focused ___ improving my skills.

11 He is allergic ___ pollen.

12 They are working ___ a new product.

13 We are proud ___ our achievements.

14 She is tired ___ her busy schedule.

15 He is worried ___ his future plans.

Упражнение 9. Fill in the blanks with the correct preposition (at, with, about, in, on).

1 She is good ___ her appearance.

2 They are proud ___ their culture.

3 He is interested ___ learning new skills.

4 The doctor is ___ the clinic.

5 We are excited ___ the holiday.

6 She looked ___ her reflection in the mirror.

7 The kids are ___ the playground.

8 I am worried ___ his health.

9 The manager is ___ the conference room.

10 She is famous ___ her acting talent.

11 They are focused ___ completing the project.

12 He is skilled ___ woodworking.

13 The students are ___ the lecture hall.

14 She is ___ her phone.

15 We are happy ___ our progress.

Упражнение 10. Choose the correct preposition (to, about, with, in, on).

1 She is speaking ___ her friend.

2 The discussion was ___ environmental issues.

3 I am listening ___ my favorite podcast.

4 He is talking ___ his experience.

5 They are engaged ___ a serious debate.

6 The artist is working ___ a new project.

7 We are interested ___ exploring different cultures.

8 She is committed ___ her career goals.

9 The teacher explained ___ the assignment.

10 I am focused ___ improving my skills.

11 He is allergic ___ pollen.

12 They are working ___ a new product.

13 We are proud ___ our achievements.

14 She is tired ___ her busy schedule.

15 He is worried ___ his future plans.

Текст с пропусками:

In the rapidly evolving world ___ technology, cyber security professionals play a crucial role ___

protecting data ___ malicious attacks. Among them, the most experienced ___ the field often have a

distinctive appearance ___ their work environment ___ late hours ___ the night. Many of these

experts are known ___ their meticulous ___ and sharp ___. They tend ___ a practical style ___

clothing, usually wearing dark ___ or sleek ___. Their ___ are often covered ___ glasses ___ to

prevent glare ___ bright screens. A clean-shaven face ___ a professional look ___ some, while

others sport a neatly trimmed beard ___ a more relaxed ___ vibe. Their ___ tends ___ to be fit ___

their job ___ long hours ___ front ___ multiple monitors. Many have ___ short hair ___ ease ___

managing ___ their appearance ___ quick breaks. They often carry ___ compact gadgets ___ a

sleek backpack ___ tools ___ cybersecurity tasks. Despite ___ their serious ___ and focus, these

professionals ___ often ___ casual ___ social events ___ colleagues. They are ___ the look ___

someone ___ ready ___ tackle ___ any challenge ___ digital realm. Their ___ appearance ___

reflect ___ their disciplined ___ and dedication ___ safeguarding ___ the online world.

Unit 6

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

The United Kingdom (UK) is a sovereign country located off the north-western coast of mainland

Europe. It is made up of four constituent countries: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.

The UK has a rich history that dates back thousands of years, shaping its unique cultural, political,

and social landscape. The capital city, London, is one of the world's leading financial and cultural

centers and is home to iconic landmarks such as the Tower of London, Buckingham Palace, and the

British Museum. The UK has a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary democracy. The

monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II, is the head of state, while the Prime Minister is the head of

government. The Parliament of the UK consists of two houses: the House of Commons and the

House of Lords. The country has a diverse population, with people from all around the world,

making it a melting pot of cultures and traditions. Economically, the UK has historically been one

of the world's leading industrial nations, now transitioning into a service-oriented economy,

particularly known for its finance, technology, and creative industries. The country is also renowned

for its contributions to literature, science, and arts, with figures such as William Shakespeare, Isaac

Newton, and The Beatles gaining international fame. The UK plays a significant role in

international affairs, being a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, a founding

member of NATO, and a key player in global diplomacy. In recent years, the country has

undergone major political changes, most notably Brexit, which involved the decision to leave the

European Union. This has sparked widespread discussions about national sovereignty, economic

independence, and the future relationship between the UK and the EU. Despite challenges, the UK

remains a powerful and influential country on the global stage. Its rich history, cultural diversity,

and political stability continue to make it a fascinating nation with a dynamic future.

Exercise 1. Lexical Fill-in

Complete the sentences with the correct words from the list: democracy, monarchy, economy,

parliament, sovereign, historical, capital, population, traditions, landmarks, culture, industries,

international, diverse

1 The United Kingdom is a __________ country with a rich history and a constitutional

__________.

2 London is the __________ of the UK and a major global city.

3 The UK is famous for its ancient __________ such as Stonehenge and Westminster Abbey.

4 The __________ of the UK includes the House of Commons and the House of Lords.

5 The country has a __________ that dates back over a thousand years.

6 The UK’s __________ has shifted from manufacturing to services like finance and technology.

7 The __________ of the UK is very __________, with many different ethnic groups living

together.

8 The British __________ is known for its unique customs and __________.

9 The UK plays an important role in __________ affairs and is part of NATO.

10 The __________ of the UK is led by the Prime Minister, who is elected by the citizens.

11 The UK’s __________ includes famous authors, scientists, and musicians.

12 London features many __________ such as the London Eye and the Tower of London.

13 The UK’s political system is a constitutional __________ with a reigning monarch.

14 The __________ of the UK includes England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.

15 The UK’s __________ has been shaped by centuries of __________ and change.

Exercise 2.Grammar (15 sentences with focus on tense and passive voice)

Fill in the blanks with the correct tense or form of the verb in parentheses.

1 The UK __________ (be) a constitutional monarchy for many centuries.

2 London __________ (attract) millions of tourists each year.

3 The British Parliament __________ (establish) in the 13th century.

4 Many famous writers __________ (born) in England.

5 The Queen __________ (rule) the country since 1952.

6 The decision to leave the EU __________ (make) by a referendum in 2016.

7 The UK __________ (not / join) the European Union since Brexit.

8 Many historical sites in the UK __________ (visit) by millions annually.

9 The economy __________ (transform) significantly over the last few decades.

10 The UK __________ (recognize) as a leading global power historically.

11 The culture of the UK __________ (influence) worldwide.

12 The British Flag __________ (known) as the Union Jack.

13 The UK __________ (consider) changing its voting system recently.

14 The British Museum __________ (collect) artifacts from around the world.

15 Many industries __________ (develop) during the Industrial Revolution.

Exercise 3. Vocabulary in context (15 sentences)

Use the correct form of the words in brackets.

1 The UK’s __________ (politics) system is based on democratic principles.

2 London’s __________ (architecture) reflects centuries of history.

3 The __________ (tradition) of changing the guard at Buckingham Palace is famous.

4 Many tourists visit the UK to see its __________ (heritage) sites.

5 The country’s __________ (economical) growth has slowed recently.

6 The UK is known for its __________ (literature) giants like Shakespeare.

7 The __________ (diversify) of the UK’s society is a result of immigration.

8 The British __________ (identity) is a blend of various cultural influences.

9 The UK’s __________ (educate) system is highly regarded worldwide.

10 The __________ (famous) of the Beatles changed music forever.

11 The UK has a rich __________ (myth) and folklore tradition.

12 The __________ (geography) of the UK includes mountains, rivers, and plains.

13 The country’s __________ (political) stability attracts foreign investment.

14 The UK’s __________ (science) achievements include many Nobel laureates.

15 The __________ (celebrate) of national holidays varies across the four countries.

Exercise 4. Sentence transformation

Rewrite the sentences as directed.

1 The UK has a long history. (Make it a question)

2 People speak English in the UK. (Make it negative)

3 The Queen opened the new museum. (Use passive voice)

4 People visit London every year. (Use passive voice)

5 The government is passing new laws. (Use present perfect)

6 The UK will host the next G7 summit. (Make it negative)

7 Many people admire British culture. (Make it a question)

8 They built many castles in medieval times. (Use passive voice)

9 The UK has influenced many countries. (Make it a negative sentence)

10 They are repairing the roads now. (Use present continuous)

11 The UK’s economy grew rapidly in the 19th century. (Make it a negative sentence)

12 People celebrate Christmas in the UK. (Make it a question)

13 The Prime Minister will visit Scotland tomorrow. (Use passive voice)

14 The Queen’s speech was broadcast yesterday. (Make it negative)

15 The UK’s traditions are very rich. (Make it a question)

Exercise 5. Fill in the blanks with the correct words: Britain, Queen, Parliament, history,

culture,

monarchy,

diverse,

landmarks,

economy,

traditions,

capital,

influence,

history,

independence, regions.

1 The __________ of the UK spans thousands of years and includes many different periods.

2 London is the __________ of the UK and its largest city.

3 The __________ has a ceremonial role but also influences government decisions.

4 The British __________ includes a variety of customs and __________.

5 The UK is made up of four main __________: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.

6 The __________ of the UK has played a significant role in shaping world history.

7 The British __________ is known for its rich literary and artistic achievements.

8 The country’s __________ has shifted from industrial to service-based sectors.

9 The __________ of the UK has allowed it to maintain its sovereignty for centuries.

10 The __________ of the UK is a symbol of its enduring stability.

11 Many __________ in London attract millions of tourists each year.

12 The UK’s __________ has been influenced by its colonial history.

13 The country’s __________ includes many ancient castles and churches.

14 The UK gained __________ from France in the 13th century.

15 The __________ of the UK continues to evolve as it adapts to modern challenges.

Unit 7

The United States of America

The United States of America (USA) is one of the most influential and diverse countries in the

world. Located in North America, it covers a vast territory from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the

Pacific Ocean in the west, and from the Canadian border in the north to Mexico in the south. The

country is known for its remarkable cultural diversity, economic strength, and technological

innovation. Founded in 1776, the USA declared independence from Great Britain, establishing a

democratic republic that has grown to become a global superpower. The nation’s political system is

based on a federal constitution, which guarantees freedoms such as speech, religion, and the press.

The country is composed of 50 states, each with its own government, laws, and unique cultural

identity. The economy of the United States is the largest in the world, driven by industries such as

technology, finance, manufacturing, and agriculture. Major cities like New York, Los Angeles,

Chicago, and Houston are centers of commerce, culture, and entertainment. The country has a rich

history of innovation, from the invention of the lightbulb by Thomas Edison to the development of

Silicon Valley as a global tech hub. The United States is also known for its natural beauty,

including national parks like Yellowstone, Grand Canyon, and Yosemite. These protected areas

showcase the country’s majestic landscapes and diverse ecosystems. The nation’s culture is a

melting pot of traditions, languages, and cuisines, reflecting its history of immigration and

multiculturalism. Despite its many achievements, the country faces challenges such as social

inequality, political division, and environmental issues. Nevertheless, the American spirit of

resilience and innovation continues to drive progress. The United States remains a beacon of

opportunity and freedom for millions around the world.

Exercise 1. True or False

Determine whether each statement is true or false.

1 The United States is located only in North America.

2 The country was founded in 1776 and declared independence from Britain.

3 The U.S. political system is based on a monarchic constitution.

4 The country has 50 states, each with its own government.

5 The economy of the USA is the largest in the world.

6 Major cities in the USA include London, Paris, and Berlin.

7 The United States invented the lightbulb.

8 Silicon Valley is known as a global technology hub.

9 Yellowstone, Grand Canyon, and Yosemite are major national parks.

10 The country’s culture is homogeneous with little diversity.

11 The USA faces challenges like social inequality and environmental issues.

12 The American spirit is characterized by resilience and innovation.

13 The United States is a small country with limited influence.

14 The country’s history includes a significant immigration wave.

15 The USA remains a symbol of opportunity for many worldwide.

Exercise 2. Answer the Questions

Answer the following questions in at least two sentences.

1 Why is the United States considered a diverse country?

2 When was the USA founded, and what was its historical significance?

3 What are some major industries driving the US economy?

4 Name some key cities and their roles in the country.

5 What are some environmental treasures found in the USA?

Exercise 3. Find Synonyms or Antonyms

Match each word with its synonym or antonym.

Words:

1 Influence

2 Diverse

3 Innovation

4 Resilience

5 Small

6 Challenge

Synonyms/Antonyms:

a) Difficulty

b) Strength in adversity

c) Large

d) Impact

e) Variety

f) Creativity

Exercise 4. Match the Definitions

Match each term with its correct definition.

Terms:

1 Democracy

2 Constitution

3 Immigration

4 Ecosystem

5 Superpower

Definitions:

a) A system of government where citizens exercise power directly or through elected

representatives

b) A set of fundamental principles and laws that govern a country

c) The movement of people into a country to live permanently or temporarily

d) A community of living organisms and their environment

e) A nation with significant global influence and military strength

Exercise 5. Fill in the Missing Letters

Complete the words by inserting missing letters.

1 U _ i _ e _ States

2 D _ v _ r _ y

3 N _ t _ n _ Parks

4 E _ v _ o _ ental

5 M _ g _ r _ Industries

Unit 8

English-speaking Countries: A Cultural and Geographical

English-speaking countries constitute a diverse and widespread group of nations around the world,

united by the common use of the English language. These countries have rich histories, vibrant

cultures, and significant influence on global politics, economy, and culture. The primary countries

where English is an official language include the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada,

Australia, New Zealand, and several Caribbean nations such as Jamaica, Barbados, and Trinidad

and Tobago. Additionally, numerous other countries and territories recognize English as a second

language or use it extensively in education, business, and government. The United States, the

largest English-speaking country by population, is renowned for its cultural diversity, technological

innovation, and global economic power. Its history is marked by the founding principles of

democracy and individual freedoms, which continue to shape its society. The United Kingdom,

often considered the birthplace of the English language, boasts a rich historical legacy, from the

Roman occupation to the British Empire, which once spanned across continents. Its influence

persists through the Commonwealth of Nations and widespread cultural exports such as literature,

music, and fashion. Canada, known for its multicultural society and bilingualism (English and

French), is characterized by its vast natural landscapes and high standard of living. Australia and

New Zealand are island nations with unique indigenous cultures and histories of British

colonization. They are celebrated for their outdoor lifestyles, distinctive wildlife, and contributions

to arts and sports. In the Caribbean and Africa, English serves as an official language in many

countries, fostering communication in multilingual societies. These nations often face challenges

related to economic development and social integration but are also known for their vibrant music,

dance, and festivals. The global spread of the English language has been driven by historical

colonization, trade, and modern technological advancements. Today, English is considered the

international language of business, science, and diplomacy. Its widespread use continues to evolve,

influenced by local languages and cultures, making it a truly global lingua franca.

Questions:

1 Which countries are primarily considered English-speaking nations?

2 How does the United States influence global culture and economy?

3 What is the historical significance of the United Kingdom in the development of the English

language?

4 In what ways does Canada differ from the United States despite both being English-speaking

countries?

5 Why are Australia and New Zealand considered unique among English-speaking nations?

6 How has the spread of the English language been historically driven?

7 What role does English play in the Caribbean and African countries?

8 How does the multicultural nature of Canada influence its society?

9 Why are the UK and its former colonies still influential today?

10 What are some of the challenges faced by English-speaking countries in the modern world?

11 How has technology contributed to the spread of the English language?

12 In what ways does the English language continue to evolve globally?

13 What are some cultural exports of the United States and the UK?

14 How does the use of English impact international diplomacy and business?

15 Why is English considered a global lingua franca today?

Клише для составления сообщений:

It is widely believed that...

Many people argue that...

It is often said that...

One of the most important issues is...

There is no doubt that...

In my opinion,...

Firstly, it is important to note that...

Furthermore, it can be seen that...

For example,...

In addition to that,...

On the one hand,...

On the other hand,...

It is clear that...

This suggests that...

Many studies have shown that...

It is worth mentioning that...

In conclusion,...

To sum up,...

Overall, it can be said that...

The main point is that...

A good example of this is...

Despite the fact that...

However, some people believe that...

This issue is complex because...

It is crucial to consider...

From my perspective,...

This leads to the conclusion that...

Therefore, it is evident that...

In light of this,...

Ultimately, the most important thing is...

Информация для сообщения

English-speaking countries are diverse and culturally rich.

The United States is a leading global power with a significant influence on world culture.

The United Kingdom has a long history that shaped the English language.

Canada is known for its multicultural society and bilingualism.

Australia and New Zealand are island nations with unique indigenous cultures.

Many Caribbean nations use English as an official language, reflecting their colonial history.

English is the official language in numerous African countries, facilitating communication across

diverse communities.

The spread of the English language has been driven by historical colonization and global trade.

English-speaking countries often serve as cultural and economic hubs in their regions.

The influence of English is evident in global media, entertainment, and technology.

English-speaking countries face challenges related to maintaining cultural identity in a globalized

world.

Education systems in English-speaking countries attract students from around the world.

English serves as a universal language for international diplomacy and business.

The cultural diversity of English-speaking countries contributes to their vibrant societies.

English-speaking countries have contributed significantly to literature, music, and arts.

Many

English-speaking

nations

are

members

of

international

organizations

like

the

Commonwealth.

The history of colonization has left a lasting impact on the language and culture of these countries.

English-speaking countries are often at the forefront of technological innovation.

Tourism is a major industry in many English-speaking nations.

The use of English as a second language is widespread in many non-English speaking countries.

English-speaking countries play a key role in shaping global policies.

The educational and cultural exchanges among these countries promote mutual understanding.

English-speaking countries continue to evolve linguistically and culturally.

The global popularity of English has led to the development of various dialects and accents.

English-speaking nations often lead in international humanitarian efforts.

The diverse landscapes of these countries attract millions of tourists annually.

English-speaking countries have rich histories of migration and multiculturalism.

The influence of English extends into the digital world, affecting social media and online

communication.

Many international organizations use English as their working language.

Understanding the cultures of English-speaking countries is essential for effective global

communication.