БЮДЖЕТНОЕ ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ

ОМСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

«ОМСКИЙ АВИАЦИОННЫЙ КОЛЛЕДЖ ИМЕНИ Н.Е.ЖУКОВСКОГО»

ГРАММАТИЧЕСКАЯ МАРШРУТИЗАЦИЯ: НАВИГАЦИЯ ПО ЯЗЫКОВЫМ

СТРУКТУРАМ

ЛЕКСИКО-ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ ВТОРОГО

КУРСА ПО СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТИ 09.02.06 «СЕТЕВОЕ И СИСТЕМНОЕ

АДМИНИСТРИРОВАНИЕ»

Составили:

Антонова О.Н

Маслакова Л.М.

2025

ПОЯСНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ЗАПИСКА

Настоящий

сборник

лексико-грамматических

упражнений

по

английскому

языку

предназначен для студентов второго курса по специальности 09.02.06 «Сетевое и системное

администрирование». В данном материале представлены упражнения, охватывающие ряд

важных

лингвистических

разделов,

соответствующих

программным

требованиям

и

особенностям подготовки студентов технического профиля. Особое внимание уделено

темам, связанным с системой образования в России и других странах, что актуально для

формирования

межкультурной

коммуникации

и

расширения

кругозора

будущих

специалистов.

В разделе лексики и грамматики выделены следующие темы:

- разряды существительных;

- обзор системы образования в России и других стран изучаемого языка;

- различие между исчисляемыми и неисчисляемыми существительными;

- число существительных и его употребление в контексте (единственное и множественное

число);

- притяжательный падеж существительных, его образование и использование, что

способствует развитию навыков владения английским в профессиональных и академических

текстах;

- разряды прилагательных;

- лексика, связанная с мировой культурой, архитектурой и художественным наследием;

- знаменитые музеи мира и их описание с использованием прилагательных;

- степени сравнения прилагательных (превосходная и сравнительная формы), что помогает

строить более точные и выразительные описания.

Особое внимание уделяется практическому закреплению материала через упражнения,

способствующие развитию автоматизма и уверенного использования лексических и

грамматических структур в устной и письменной речи.

Данный сборник является важным инструментом для формирования профессионально

ориентированных языковых компетенций, необходимых для успешной коммуникации в

сфере сетевого и системного администрирования, а также для общего развития языковых

навыков в межкультурной коммуникации.

Разработанный с учетом требований современного преподавания иностранных языков и

особенностей

обучения

студентов

технического

профиля,

сборник

способствует

формированию системного и глубокого понимания английского языка на уровне второго

курса.

Unit 1

The Education System in Countries Learning English

Education systems vary widely around the world, reflecting cultural, economic, and political

differences. In countries where English is learnt as a second language, the structure of education

often incorporates a combination of local curricula and international standards. For example, in

Russia, the education system is divided into several stages: primary, secondary, and higher

education. Schools emphasize not only native language and mathematics but also foreign languages,

especially English, which is considered essential for global communication. In the United Kingdom,

the education system is divided into key stages, with compulsory education lasting until the age of

18. Schools are categorized into state-funded schools and private schools, each with different

curricula and traditions. British students typically take GCSE exams at age 16, followed by A-levels

or vocational training. In the United States, the education system is decentralized, with states and

local districts responsible for school policies. Students attend elementary school, middle school, and

high school, with a wide variety of curricula and extracurricular activities. English language

learning is integrated into these schools, with ESL (English as a Second Language) programs

designed to support non-native speakers. In many countries, English is taught from an early age,

often starting in primary school. The effectiveness of language learning depends on various factors,

including teaching methods, exposure to native speakers, and students' motivation. International

examinations like IELTS and TOEFL are also used to assess proficiency and facilitate study abroad

opportunities. Despite differences, a common goal across education systems is to prepare students

for global citizenship, equipping them with language skills and cultural awareness necessary for

international communication.

Exercise 1. Вопросы по содержанию текста (Ответьте Yes или No )

1 In Russia, English is not considered important.

2 British students usually take GCSE exams at age 16.

3 The US education system is centralized and uniform across the country.

4 ESL programs are designed to support non-native English speakers.

5 All countries teach English starting from primary school.

6 International exams like IELTS are used to assess language proficiency.

7 In the UK, students can choose vocational training after A-levels.

8 The education system in Russia includes primary, secondary, and higher education.

9 In the US, students attend elementary, middle, and high school.

10 English is taught only in private schools in many countries.

Exercise 2. True или False (выберите правильное утверждение)

1 In the UK, students take GCSE exams at the age of 18.

2 The US education system is managed by individual states and districts.

3 English is often taught starting from secondary school in many countries.

4 International exams like TOEFL help measure students' proficiency in English.

5 In Russia, English is not included in the school curriculum.

6 The British education system has key stages up to age 16.

7 ESL programs are available for students who learn English as a second language.

8 All countries have the same structure of education.

9 The goal of education systems worldwide is to prepare students for global citizenship.

10 Private schools in the UK do not follow any curriculum.

Exercise 3. Заполните пропуски предлогами: in, at, on, for, of.

1 Education systems vary ______ countries around the world.

2 Students in the UK take exams ______ age 16.

3 The US has a decentralized education system ______ each state.

4 ESL programs are designed ______ support non-native speakers.

5 English is taught ______ primary schools in many countries.

6 The structure of education often depends ______ cultural factors.

7 International exams like IELTS assess proficiency ______ English.

8 British students usually study for A-levels ______ the age of 18.

9 The effectiveness ______ language learning depends on many factors.

10 Schools emphasize not only native language but also foreign languages ______ the curriculum.

Exercise 4. Замените выделенные слова местоимениями

Вставьте подходящее местоимение (he, she, it, they, we, you).

1 The education system in Russia is well-developed.

2 British students take exams at 16.

3 The US education system is decentralized.

4 ESL programs support non-native speakers.

5 Many countries teach English from an early age.

6 The structure of education varies in different countries.

7 Students who learn English often take international exams.

8 The curriculum includes native language and foreign languages.

9 Teachers play an important role in education.

10 Parents support their children's education.

Exercise 5. Выберите правильную форму глагола в правильном времени

Вставьте глагол в правильной форме (Present Simple, Past Simple, Future Simple).

1 The US education system ______ (be) very flexible.

2 Many students ______ (study) English at school now.

3 Last year, British students ______ (take) GCSE exams.

4 Next year, Russian students ______ (start) their university studies.

5 ESL programs ______ (help) non-native speakers improve their skills.

6 In 2023, more students ______ (pass) international exams.

7 Teachers ______ (use) modern methods in their lessons.

8 The structure of education ______ (change) over the last decade.

9 In the future, technology ______ (play) a larger role in education.

10 Students ______ (prepare) for exams at the end of the semester.

Exercise 6. Напишите определения для следующих слов из текста

curriculum, proficiency, decentralization, international exams, motivation.

Exercise 7. Вставьте подходящее слово или фразу, чтобы завершить предложения

An, varies / differs, includes / comprises, the, on / to, who are learning / studying, such as / like,

assess / measure, on / of, state / local

1 English is considered _______ essential skill in global communication.

2 Countries aim to prepare students _______ becoming global citizens.

3 The structure of education _______ greatly depending on the country.

4 Many students take exams like IELTS to _______ their proficiency.

5 The education system in Russia _______ primary, secondary, and higher levels.

6 In the US, education is managed at the _______ level.

7 ESL programs are designed to support students _______ English as a second language.

8 International standards influence _______ curriculum content.

9 The effectiveness of language learning depends _______ several factors.

10 Students often study abroad after passing international exams _______ IELTS or TOEFL.

Exercise 8. Вставьте правильное слово или фразу

To, useful / important / essential, in, are / become, includes / comprises, should / needs to / must,

of / in, demonstrate / show, includes / consists of, is / remains

1 The education system in many countries aims _______ prepare students for the workforce.

2 English is often taught _______ primary schools around the world.

3 The structure of the US education system _______ elementary, middle, and high school.

4 International exams like IELTS are _______ to students planning to study abroad.

5 The development of new teaching methods _______ ongoing in many countries.

6 Students _______ motivated to learn a language if they see its practical benefits.

7 The curriculum _______ include native language and foreign language studies.

8 Many universities require students to _______ proficiency in English.

9 The education system in Russia _______ primary, secondary, and tertiary levels.

10 The effectiveness _______ language teaching depends on many factors.

Exercise 9. Вставьте пропущенные слова

changed / evolved into /, of, to, for, to, on, to / in, in / for, to

1 The British education system is divided _______ key stages.

2 Students in the US often take _______ exams in high school.

3 English language programs are designed _______ help non-native speakers.

4 The structure of education in many countries has _______ over time.

5 International exams are recognized _______ assessing language proficiency.

6 Students are encouraged _______ participate in extracurricular activities.

7 The curriculum often focuses _______ developing communication skills.

8 Many schools aim _______ prepare students for global challenges.

9 Teachers often use modern technology _______ enhance lessons.

10 Motivation is a key factor _______ successful language learning.

Exercise 10. Напишите 15 предложений с использованием глаголов в разных временах

и лексики из текста.

Пример: "Many students study English in primary schools."

Unit 2

Employment: An Important Step in Life

Getting a job is a crucial stage in a person's life. It provides financial stability, independence, and a

sense of purpose. Many people spend months or even years searching for the right position. To be

successful, job seekers need to prepare a good resume and have good interview skills. Employers

look for candidates who are responsible, hardworking, and eager to learn. In today’s competitive

job market, having relevant skills and experience is essential. Some people get their first job right

after finishing school, while others may study at university before entering the workforce. Many

companies are now offering remote work options, which allow employees to work from home. This

has become especially popular during recent years. People who are employed enjoy various

benefits, such as health insurance and paid leave. However, finding a good job can be challenging,

especially in difficult economic times. It is important to stay positive and keep applying to different

companies. Building a professional network and gaining new skills can make a big difference.

Getting employed is not only about earning money but also about developing personally and

professionally. It helps individuals gain confidence and learn new things every day. Whether

working in an office, a factory, or from home, being dedicated and responsible is key to success.

Exercise 1. True or False

1 Getting a job is not very important for a person’s life.

2 Employers look for responsible and hardworking candidates.

3 Many people find their first job after finishing school.

4 Remote work is not popular in today’s job market.

5 Having good skills and experience is essential for employment.

6 People who are employed don’t get any benefits.

7 It is easy to find a good job during an economic crisis.

8 Building a professional network can help in finding a job.

9 Gaining new skills can make a big difference in employment.

10 Working from home is a new trend that only a few people use.

11 Getting employed helps individuals develop personally.

12 Responsibility is an important quality for a successful employee.

13 Many companies do not care about interview skills.

14 Some people work in factories or offices, depending on their profession.

15 Staying positive is important when searching for a job.

Exercise 2. Complex Object

1 I saw the employee answering questions during the interview.

2 She made me believe that she was the best candidate.

3 The manager asked us to submit our resumes before Friday.

4 They let him leave early because he finished his work.

5 I heard the recruiter calling the candidates all day.

6 We watched the new employee performing his tasks efficiently.

7 The boss wants the team to complete the project on time.

8 I found him working late in the office.

9 She made her team understand the new company policy.

10 The teacher saw the student cheating during the exam.

11 The company had us fill out a lot of forms.

12 He made me realize the importance of hard work.

13 They saw the workers building the new office.

14 I asked the secretary to call me when the manager was free.

15 We watched the employee training new staff members.

Exercise 3. Participles

1 The interviewing process was very thorough.

2 The trained staff are ready to assist clients.

3 They are looking for experienced workers.

4 The built office is located downtown.

5 The applying candidates will be contacted soon.

6 The hired employees received their contracts yesterday.

7 The working environment in this company is very friendly.

8 We saw the winning team celebrate their victory.

9 The interviewed applicants will be notified by email.

10 The trained personnel are working efficiently.

11 The developed skills will help you in future jobs.

12 The interviewing panel asked many questions.

13 The hiring process takes about two weeks.

14 The moved employees are now settled in their new office.

15 The reviewed applications are being processed.

Exercise 4. Complex sentences with "who," "which," or "that"

1 The person who applied yesterday is very qualified.

2 The company which I work for is expanding.

3 The manager who is responsible for hiring is very strict.

4 The team that completed the project is very happy.

5 The employee who is responsible for sales has been promoted.

6 The HR department which handles recruitment is busy today.

7 The candidate who passed the interview will start next week.

8 The office which is located downtown is very modern.

9 The staff that joined last month are settling in well.

10 The new employee who was hired yesterday is very friendly.

11 The training which we received was very useful.

12 The manager who oversees the project is very experienced.

13 The documents that are required must be submitted today.

14 The person who gave the presentation was very convincing.

15 The company which offers remote work is very popular now.

Exercise 5. Fill in the blanks with the correct verb form, focusing on tense and agreement –

15 sentences

1 Yesterday, I ____ (meet) a new colleague at the office.

2 She ____ (work) in the HR department for five years.

3 We ____ (apply) for several jobs last month.

4 The manager ____ (review) the applications now.

5 They ____ (hire) new staff next week.

6 I ____ (see) the employee training yesterday.

7 The team ____ (prepare) for the upcoming presentation.

8 She ____ (finish) her tasks early yesterday.

9 We ____ (attend) a job fair last weekend.

10 The company ____ (expand) its operations last year.

11 I ____ (receive) a new offer yesterday.

12 The employees ____ (be) very busy in the last few days.

13 They ____ (plan) to open a new office soon.

14 The HR manager ____ (interview) candidates all morning.

15 Next month, I ____ (start) my new job.

Unit 3

The Best Educational Institutions in Russia

Russia has a long-standing tradition of excellence in education, with its universities and institutes

gaining international recognition for their rigorous academic standards, innovative research, and

contribution to global knowledge. Among the myriad of institutions, several stand out due to their

historical significance, academic achievements, and influence in various fields.

Moscow State University (Lomonosov Moscow State University) Founded in 1755 by Mikhail

Lomonosov, Moscow State University (MSU) is widely regarded as Russia’s premier institution of

higher education. It is located in the heart of Moscow and boasts a sprawling campus with iconic

architecture. MSU is renowned for its comprehensive programs across sciences, humanities, and

social sciences. It consistently ranks among the top universities in Russia and is recognized globally

for its research output and academic excellence. Notable alumni include numerous Nobel laureates,

politicians, and scientists.

Saint Petersburg State University Established in 1724 by Peter the Great, Saint Petersburg State

University is Russia's second-oldest university and a major center of research and education. Its

faculties excel in physics, mathematics, biology, and humanities. The university has a vibrant

international community and offers a wide array of programs taught in Russian and English. Its

historical buildings and extensive library collections make it a cultural and academic landmark.

Novosibirsk State University (NSU) Founded in 1959, Novosibirsk State University is located in

Russia's scientific hub the Akademgorodok in Siberia. NSU is known for its strong emphasis on

research and innovation, especially in physics, mathematics, and information technology. It

collaborates closely with research institutes and technological companies, fostering an environment

of cutting-edge scientific development.

Tomsk State University Established in 1878, Tomsk State University is one of Russia’s oldest

universities outside Moscow. It has a rich history of academic achievement and offers a broad range

of programs. Known for its research in chemistry, physics, and engineering, Tomsk State University

has a significant impact on Siberian scholarship and scientific progress.

Higher Education in Russia: Challenges and Opportunities While Russia’s top universities are

highly esteemed, the country faces challenges such as funding limitations, brain drain, and the need

to modernize educational curricula. However, recent reforms and increased international

collaboration are helping Russian institutions to improve their global standings. Many universities

now emphasize research, innovation, and the integration of modern technology into their teaching

methods.

Conclusion Russia’s leading universities have played a pivotal role in shaping the country’s

scientific, cultural, and political landscape. With a legacy rooted in academic excellence and a

forward-looking approach to research and innovation, these institutions continue to attract students

and scholars from around the world. As Russia invests in higher education development, its

universities are poised to maintain their status as some of the best in the world, fostering future

generations of leaders, scientists, and thinkers.

Questions and Answers

1 Q: When was Moscow State University founded?

2 Q: Who established Saint Petersburg State University?

3 Q: What is Novosibirsk State University known for?

4 Q: Which Russian university is located in Siberia and established in 1878?

5 Q: What are some common challenges faced by Russian higher education institutions?

6 Q: Name a notable feature of Moscow State University.

7 Q: In which city is Novosibirsk State University located?

8 Q: Which university has a significant influence on Siberian scholarship?

9 Q: How are Russian universities adapting to modern educational demands?

10 Q: Name an area of academic strength for Saint Petersburg State University.

11 Q: Which university is recognized for its historical buildings and extensive library collections?

12 Q: What role do Russian universities play in the country's development?

13 Q: Are Russian universities attracting international students?

14 Q: What recent trends are helping Russian universities improve their global rankings?

15 Q: Why are Russia’s top universities considered influential worldwide?

Exercise 1. Выберите правильную форму существительного (единственное или

множественное число).

1 Moscow State University is one of the most famous ____ (university) in Russia.

2 Many ____ (student) from different countries study at Saint Petersburg State University.

3 Novosibirsk ____ (university) has excellent research facilities.

4 Tomsk ____ (university) is known for its strong engineering programs.

5 Several ____ (professor) work at the Faculty of Science in MSU.

6 The ____ (library) of Saint Petersburg University is very large.

7 Moscow State University has a beautiful ____ (campus).

8 Many ____ (alumnus) of these universities have become famous scientists.

9 The ____ (program) offered at Novosibirsk State University are very diverse.

10 The ____ (building) of MSU are iconic landmarks of Moscow.

11 Most ____ (research) at these institutions are published in international journals.

12 The ____ (faculty) at Tomsk University includes specialists in chemistry and physics.

13 Some ____ (student) prefer studying in Saint Petersburg because of its cultural life.

14 The ____ (department) of history at Moscow State University is very active.

15 Many ____ (graduate) of these universities work in government and industry.

Exercise 2. Расставьте существительные в правильной форме (единственное или

множественное число).

1 The ____ (Moscow State University) is considered the best in Russia.

2 Many ____ (Russian student) choose to study abroad.

3 The ____ (Saint Petersburg University) has a rich history.

4 Several ____ (faculty) specialize in physics and mathematics.

5 The ____ (library) of Novosibirsk University is extensive.

6 The ____ (campus) of Tomsk University is located in Siberia.

7 The ____ (research) at these universities contribute to science.

8 Most ____ (professor) are experts in their fields.

9 The ____ (building) of Moscow State University are very impressive.

10 Many ____ (graduate) find employment in Russia’s industries.

11 The ____ (program) offered by these universities are innovative.

12 The ____ (student) life in Saint Petersburg is vibrant.

13 The ____ (department) of chemistry is well-known.

14 Several ____ (alumnus) have received Nobel prizes.

15 The ____ (faculty) at these institutions are highly qualified.

Exercise 3. Вставьте существительные в правильную форму (ед. или мн.ч.), чтобы

получилось согласование с предложением.

1 Many ____ (student) visit Moscow State University every year.

2 The ____ (library) of Saint Petersburg University is famous for its collection.

3 Several ____ (professor) lecture at Novosibirsk University.

4 The ____ (campus) of Tomsk State University is situated in Siberia.

5 The ____ (program) at Moscow State University attract many applicants.

6 The ____ (building) of the university are located in the city center.

7 Some ____ (research) have been published by Novosibirsk scientists.

8 The ____ (faculty) at Saint Petersburg University are conducting important research.

9 Many ____ (graduate) from these universities work in science and industry.

10 The ____ (department) of physics is very active at Moscow State University.

11 Several ____ (student) stay in the dormitories on campus.

12 The ____ (library) at Tomsk University is one of the largest in the region.

13 The ____ (professor) of history have published several books.

14 Many ____ (alumnus) hold high positions in Russia today.

15 The ____ (program) of the universities are constantly updated.

Exercise 4. Используйте существительные в правильной форме (ед. или мн.ч.) для

дополнения предложений.

1 The ____ (university) in Moscow is very old.

2 Many ____ (student) study in the library.

3 The ____ (professor) gave a lecture yesterday.

4 The ____ (library) contains rare books.

5 Several ____ (research) have been conducted in Siberia.

6 The ____ (campus) of the university is large and green.

7 The ____ (program) for international students is very popular.

8 The ____ (building) of Moscow State University are historic landmarks.

9 Many ____ (graduate) work in science and technology.

10 The ____ (department) of physics is very active.

11 Some ____ (student) live in the dorms.

12 The ____ (library) offers access to thousands of journals.

13 The ____ (professor) at Saint Petersburg University are highly qualified.

14 Several ____ (alumnus) have achieved international fame.

15 The ____ (faculty) of law is renowned in Russia.

Exercise 5. Составьте предложения, используя существительные в правильной форме

(ед. или мн.ч.), связанные с лучшими российскими университетами. В каждом

предложении используйте предложенные существительные в нужной форме.

1 (Moscow State University / campus)

2 (Saint Petersburg University / library)

3 (Novosibirsk University / research)

4 (Tomsk State University / programs)

5 (professor / Moscow State University)

6 (student / Saint Petersburg)

7 (faculty / Novosibirsk University)

8 (alumnus / Moscow State University)

9 (library / Tomsk University)

10 (department / Saint Petersburg University)

11 (graduate / Novosibirsk)

12 (building / Moscow State University)

13 (research / Russian universities)

14 (professor / Tomsk)

15 (program / international students)

Unit 4

The Best Educational Institutions of England and the USA

Education has always played a vital role in shaping societies, fostering innovation, and cultivating

future leaders. Among the world's most renowned centers of learning are the top universities and

colleges in England and the United States, which have established longstanding traditions of

academic excellence, research, and social influence. In England, institutions such as Oxford

University and Cambridge University are considered among the oldest and most prestigious in the

world. Founded over 800 years ago, both universities have attracted scholars and students from

across the globe, offering a rigorous curriculum rooted in tradition yet constantly evolving with

modern research. Oxford, with its historic colleges, libraries, and tutorial system, emphasizes

personalized education. Cambridge, renowned for its scientific research, has produced numerous

Nobel laureates and influential thinkers. Across the Atlantic, the United States boasts a diverse

array of top-ranked universities, including Harvard University, Stanford University, and the

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Harvard, established in 1636, is famous for its law,

business, and medical schools, and has a vast alumni network of influential politicians,

entrepreneurs, and scholars. Stanford University, located in California, is renowned for its

entrepreneurial spirit and pioneering research in technology and innovation. MIT is at the forefront

of engineering, computer science, and technological development, shaping the future of science and

industry. While these institutions differ in their historical backgrounds and educational approaches,

they share a commitment to fostering critical thinking, innovation, and leadership. Admission to

these universities is highly competitive, often requiring exceptional academic achievements,

extracurricular involvement, and compelling personal statements. Both England and the USA are

continuously updating their curricula and research priorities to address contemporary global

challenges such as climate change, digital transformation, and social justice. They also emphasize

internationalization, encouraging student exchanges and collaborative research projects. In

conclusion, the top educational establishments in England and the United States serve as global

benchmarks of academic excellence, nurturing generations of leaders, innovators, and thinkers who

impact the world in profound ways.

Exercise 1. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb in parentheses.

1 If students (study) at Oxford or Harvard, they (gain) access to top-quality education and

resources.

2 If the university (not/accept) talented applicants, its reputation (decline).

3 If Cambridge (continue/expand) its research programs, it (remain) a leading institution.

4 If the student (prepare) well, they (perform) better on entrance exams.

5 If universities (not/update) their curricula, they (fall behind) current global trends.

6 If Harvard (offer) more online courses, it (reach) students worldwide.

7 If MIT (invest) in new technologies, it (advance) scientific knowledge further.

8 If the universities (not/maintain) high standards, their rankings (drop).

9 If students (participate) in exchange programs, they (broaden) their cultural understanding.

10 If the institutions (not/support) innovation, they (lose) their competitive edge.

11 If Cambridge (recruit) talented faculty, it (continue) to produce groundbreaking research.

12 If students (not/have) access to scholarships, many (be) unable to study at these universities.

13 If the universities (adapt) to technological advancements, their students (benefit).

14 If the institutions (not/foster) diversity, they (miss) out on many perspectives.

15 If the best universities (not/maintain) their standards, they (risk) losing their global reputation.

Exercise 2. Fill in the blanks with the correct past perfect form of the irregular verbs in

parentheses.

1 By the time the university (admit) the student, she (already/prepare) her application thoroughly.

2 Harvard (not/offer) online courses before the pandemic (start).

3 Cambridge (not/establish) its research programs until after the 19th century (begin).

4 The faculty (already/meet) to discuss new curriculum plans when the students (arrive).

5 Stanford (not/accept) students from abroad before the new policy (be) introduced.

6 The university (fail) to update its facilities before the accreditation visit (happen).

7 MIT (not/launch) its latest project until after the funding (be) secured.

8 The students (not/know) about the scholarship options until the information (be) published.

9 The university (already/expand) its campus before the new regulations (come) into effect.

10 Harvard (not/receive) the Nobel laureate award until many years after the professor (join).

11 Cambridge (not/realize) the importance of digital learning until the crisis (force) them to adapt.

12 The university (not/acknowledge) the importance of diversity until recent years (pass).

13 The faculty (not/approve) the new research policy until the committee (review) all proposals.

14 Stanford (not/compete) globally until the early 2000s (focus) on international collaborations.

15 The institution (not/accept) remote learning until the pandemic (change) their policies.

Exercise 3. Special Questions. Create a question for each statement.

1 Oxford University has a history of over 800 years.

2 Harvard was founded in 1636.

3 Cambridge produces Nobel laureates.

4 Stanford is known for its entrepreneurial spirit.

5 MIT leads in engineering and technology.

6 Admission to these universities is highly competitive.

7 These institutions offer a wide range of courses.

8 They support international student exchange programs.

9 The universities are committed to research and innovation.

10 Oxford has a tutorial system that emphasizes personalized education.

11 Harvard has an extensive alumni network.

12 Cambridge has a historic architecture and beautiful colleges.

13 Stanford is located in Silicon Valley.

14 MIT fosters cutting-edge technological research.

15 These universities adapt their curricula to meet current global challenges.

Exercise 4. Match Definitions. Match each term with its correct definition.

Terms:

A. Academic excellence

B. Research programs

C. Alumni network

D. Internationalization

E. Scholarship

F. Campus facilities

G. Admission process

H. Curriculum update

I. Reputation

J. Innovation

K. Diversity

L. Faculty

M. Extracurricular activities

N. Rankings

O. Collaboration

Definitions:

1 The process of attracting students from various countries and cultures.

2 The organized group of graduates from a university.

3 The ongoing development and improvement of course content.

4 The overall standing of an institution based on various criteria.

5 The group of teachers and researchers at a university.

6 The system of selecting students for enrollment.

7 The quality of being outstanding academically.

8 The variety of backgrounds and perspectives among students and staff.

9 The programs focused on advancing knowledge through investigation.

10 The new ideas and inventions that drive progress.

11 The physical infrastructure, such as libraries, labs, and sports facilities.

12 The awards and financial aid granted to talented students.

13 The activities outside of classroom learning, such as clubs and sports.

14 The sharing of resources and expertise between institutions or countries.

15 The general perception and esteem held by the public.

Exercise 5. Sentence Construction .Using the words below, form meaningful sentences related

to top universities.

1 The / universities / in / England / and / the / USA / are / world-famous.

2 Harvard / has / a / long / history / of / academic / excellence.

3 Cambridge / is / known / for / its / historic / architecture / and / research.

4 Stanford / fosters / innovation / and / entrepreneurial / spirit.

5 MIT / leads / in / technological / research / and / development.

6 Admission / to / these / universities / is / highly / competitive.

7 They / offer / a / wide / range / of / undergraduate / and / postgraduate / programs.

8 The / campuses / provide / state-of-the-art / facilities / for / students.

9 Many / students / participate / in / extracurricular / activities / and / sports.

10 These / institutions / prioritize / research / and / knowledge / creation.

11 International students / make / a / significant / part / of / the / student / body.

12 The / curricula / are / regularly / updated / to / meet / current / global / challenges.

13 The / universities / support / collaboration / with / industries / and / other / research / centers.

14 Alumni / often / hold / influential / positions / around / the / world.

15 The / reputation / of / these / universities / attracts / talented / students / from / all / over / the /

globe.

Rules:

The possessive case of nouns shows that something belongs to someone or something. In English,

we usually form the possessive by adding an apostrophe and the letter "s" ('s) to the noun.

For singular nouns (including most nouns ending in "s"):

Add 's to show possession.

Examples:

The teacher's desk (the desk belonging to the teacher)

The student's notebook (the notebook of the student)

The university's library (the library belonging to the university)

For plural nouns ending in "s":

Add only the apostrophe after the "s".

Examples:

The teachers' lounge (the lounge used by teachers)

The students' books (the books of the students)

The schools' facilities (the facilities of the schools)

For irregular plural nouns (not ending in "s"):

Add 's.

Examples:

The children's playground (the playground of the children)

The men's department (the department for men)

For compound nouns or phrases:

The possessive is added to the last word.

Examples:

The head of the department's office

The principal's decision on the school policy

Using vocabulary related to schools and universities:

The library of the university becomes the university's library.

The classroom of the teacher becomes the teacher's classroom.

The schedule of the student becomes the student's schedule.

The facilities of the school become the school's facilities.

The office of the principal becomes the principal's office.

Summary:

To show that something belongs to a person or an institution, add 's:

[Noun] + 's

For plural nouns ending in s, just add an apostrophe:

[Noun] + '

This structure helps clearly indicate possession in sentences about educational institutions, students,

teachers, and other related vocabulary.

Exercise

1.

Заполните

пропуски

правильной

формой

притяжательного

падежа

существительного.

1 The _______ (school) library is very large.

2 This is the _______ (student) notebook.

3 The _______ (teacher) desk is near the window.

4 I like the _______ (university) campus.

5 The _______ (class) schedule has changed.

6 The _______ (principal) office is on the first floor.

7 That is the _______ (student) project.

8 The _______ (department) head is very strict.

9 We visited the _______ (school) auditorium yesterday.

10 The _______ (student) books are on the desk.

11 The _______ (teacher) lounge is on the second floor.

12 She is the _______ (faculty) representative.

13 The _______ (library) opening hours are from 8 am to 8 pm.

14 The _______ (campus) grounds are beautiful in spring.

15 This is the _______ (student) ID card.

Exercise 2. Выберите правильную форму притяжательного падежа (чей?).

1 The (teacher / teacher’s) book is on the desk.

2 That is the (student / student’s) report.

3 The (school / school’s) rules are strict.

4 I like the (university / university’s) library.

5 This is the (class / class’s) schedule.

6 The (principal / principal’s) office is on the first floor.

7 She is the (student / student’s) friend.

8 The (department / department’s) head is very knowledgeable.

9 That’s the (teacher / teacher’s) desk.

10 The (campus / campus’s) grounds are well-maintained.

11 The (library / library’s) opening hours are from 8 am to 8 pm.

12 The (student / student’s) project was excellent.

13 The (faculty / faculty’s) meeting is tomorrow.

14 I visited the (school / school’s) auditorium yesterday.

15 That is the (university / university’s) mascot.

Exercise 3. Переделайте предложения, добавляя притяжательную форму.

1 The library belongs to the university.

2 This is the report of the student.

3 The desk is for the teacher.

4 The campus is part of the university.

5 The schedule is for the class.

6 The office of the principal is large.

7 The project belongs to the student.

8 The head of the department is very strict.

9 The auditorium is used by the school.

10 The books are on the desk of the student.

11 The lounge is for the teachers.

12 The faculty meeting is scheduled for today.

13 The hours are for the library.

14 The grounds are part of the university.

15 The ID card belongs to the student.

Exercise 4. Вставьте правильную притяжательную форму.

1 That is the _______ (student) backpack.

2 The _______ (teacher) words are inspiring.

3 We visited the _______ (school) art gallery.

4 The _______ (university) sports complex is modern.

5 This is the _______ (class) project.

6 The _______ (principal) speech was very motivating.

7 The _______ (department) meeting is today.

8 The books are the _______ (student).

9 The _______ (library) opening hours are from 8 am to 8 pm.

10 That is the _______ (campus) main entrance.

11 The _______ (faculty) lounge is on the second floor.

12 The _______ (project) deadline is next week.

13 I like the _______ (school) cafeteria.

14 The _______ (teacher) desk is tidy.

15 The _______ (university) mascot is very popular.

Exercise 5. Переведите предложения, используя притяжательную форму.

1. Это библиотека университета.

2. Это отчёт ученика.

3. Это стол учителя.

4. Это территория кампуса.

5. Это расписание класса.

6. Это офис директора школы.

7. Это проект студента.

8. Это кабинет факультета.

9. Это зал заседаний школы.

10. Это книги учеников.

11. Это комната учителей.

12. Это собрание факультета.

13. Это часы работы библиотеки.

14. Это территория университета.

15. Это студенческая карта.

Exercise 6. Выберите правильную форму притяжательного падежа.

1 The (student / student’s) grades are excellent.

2 That is the (school / school’s) main building.

3 The (teacher / teacher’s) car is parked outside.

4 This is the (university / university’s) main hall.

5 The (class / class’s) schedule is posted on the wall.

6 The (principal / principal’s) speech was inspiring.

7 The (department / department’s) resources are limited.

8 The (library / library’s) opening hours are from 8 am to 8 pm.

9 The (campus / campus’s) grounds are very green.

10 The (student / student’s) locker is broken.

11 The (faculty / faculty’s) meeting is scheduled for tomorrow.

12 The (project / project’s) deadline is next week.

13 The (school / school’s) cafeteria serves good food.

14 The (teacher / teacher’s) lounge is on the second floor.

15 The (university / university’s) mascot is very popular.

Exercise 7. Переделайте предложения, добавляя притяжательную форму.

1 The library belongs to the university.

2 This is the report of the student.

3 The desk is for the teacher.

4 The campus is part of the university.

5 The schedule is for the class.

6 The office of the principal is on the first floor.

7 The project belongs to the student.

8 The head of the department is very strict.

9 The auditorium is used by the school.

10 The books are on the desk of the student.

11 The lounge is for the teachers.

12 The faculty meeting is scheduled for today.

13 The hours are for the library.

14 The grounds are part of the university.

15 The ID card belongs to the student.

Exercise 8. Вставьте правильную притяжательную форму.

1 That is the _______ (student) backpack.

2 The _______ (teacher) words are inspiring.

3 We visited the _______ (school) art gallery.

4 The _______ (university) sports complex is modern.

5 This is the _______ (class) project.

6 The _______ (principal) speech was very motivating.

7 The _______ (department) meeting is today.

8 The books are the _______ (student).

9 The _______ (library) hours are from 8 am to 8 pm.

10 That is the _______ (campus) main entrance.

11 The _______ (faculty) lounge is on the second floor.

12 The _______ (project) deadline is next week.

13 I like the _______ (school) cafeteria.

14 The _______ (teacher) desk is tidy.

15 The _______ (university) mascot is very popular.

Exercise 9. Переведите на английский, используя притяжательную форму.

1. Это библиотека университета.

2. Это отчёт ученика.

3. Это стол учителя.

4. Это территория кампуса.

5. Это расписание класса.

6. Это офис директора школы.

7. Это проект студента.

8. Это кабинет факультета.

9. Это зал заседаний школы.

10. Это книги учеников.

11. Это комната учителей.

12. Это собрание факультета.

13. Это часы работы библиотеки.

14. Это территория университета.

15. Это студенческая карта.

Exercise 10. Выберите правильную форму притяжательного падежа.

1 The (student / student’s) grades are excellent.

2 That is the (school / school’s) main building.

3 The (teacher / teacher’s) car is parked outside.

4 This is the (university / university’s) main hall.

5 The (class / class’s) schedule is posted on the wall.

6 The (principal / principal’s) speech was inspiring.

7 The (department / department’s) resources are limited.

8 The (library / library’s) hours are from 8 am to 8 pm.

9 The (campus / campus’s) grounds are very green.

10 The (student / student’s) locker is broken.

11 The (faculty / faculty’s) meeting is scheduled for tomorrow.

12 The (project / project’s) deadline is next week.

13 The (school / school’s) cafeteria serves good food.

14 The (teacher / teacher’s) lounge is on the second floor.

15 The (university / university’s) mascot is very popular.

Unit 5

Hobbies Make Life More Interesting

In today's fast-paced world, it's easy to get caught up in the daily grind of work and responsibilities.

However, engaging in hobbies can significantly enrich our lives by providing relaxation, joy, and a

sense of purpose. Hobbies are activities that people pursue for pleasure during their free time, and

they come in many forms ranging from simple and relaxing to complex and challenging. Having a

hobby helps to reduce stress and improve mental health. For example, many people find that

reading books transports them to different worlds, offering an escape from everyday worries. Others

enjoy physical activities like running, swimming, or playing sports, which keep their bodies healthy

and active. Creative hobbies such as painting, playing musical instruments, or crafting allow for

self-expression and foster a sense of achievement. Moreover, hobbies often lead to social

interactions, helping individuals build new friendships and connect with like-minded people. For

instance, joining a book club or a sports team can expand one's social circle and provide a

supportive community. Hobbies also stimulate the brain, improving concentration, problem-solving

abilities, and even memory. Engaging in hobbies can also boost self-confidence as individuals see

their progress and accomplishments grow. Whether it’s learning a new language, gardening, or

cooking, hobbies make life more colorful, exciting, and fulfilling. They break the monotony of

routine and introduce a sense of adventure and discovery. In conclusion, hobbies are an essential

part of a balanced and happy life. They provide a valuable outlet for creativity, foster social

connections, and contribute to overall well-being. Everyone should find a hobby that sparks their

interest and brings joy to their daily routine. After all, a life without hobbies is like a sky without

stars lacking sparkle and excitement.

Exercises on Degrees of Adjectives

Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the adjective: positive, comparative, or

superlative.

1 This hobby is __________ (interesting) than watching TV.

2 Today’s weather is __________ (hot) than yesterday.

3 My sister is __________ (kind) person I know.

4 Painting is __________ (relaxing) activity for me.

5 The mountain view from this hill is __________ (beautiful) of all.

6 This book is __________ (boring) than the last one I read.

7 She is the __________ (talented) musician in the band.

8 Playing chess is __________ (challenging) than it looks.

9 My grandma makes the __________ (delicious) pie ever.

10 This task is __________ (easy) than I expected.

11 That was the __________ (exciting) movie I have seen this year.

12 His hobby is __________ (popular) among young people.

13 The new smartphone is __________ (expensive) than the previous model.

14 This park is __________ (peaceful) place I have visited.

15 My dog is __________ (loyal) pet I have ever had.

Exercise 2. Rewrite the sentences, changing the adjectives into their comparative or

superlative forms.

1 This task is easy.

2 The blue car is fast.

3 That mountain is high.

4 Her dress is beautiful.

5 This problem is difficult.

6 The movie was interesting.

7 My house is large.

8 The ocean is deep.

9 That book is good.

10 This path is narrow.

11 The day was bright.

12 The story is funny.

13 His solution is clever.

14 The painting is colorful.

15 The lake is calm.

Exercise 3. Choose the correct form of the adjective in brackets.

1 This hobby is __________ (more/more) interesting than my previous one.

2 Today’s weather is __________ (less/more) rainy than yesterday.

3 That was the __________ (most/most) exciting experience of my life.

4 My friend is __________ (more/most) talented artist in our class.

5 This activity is __________ (less/more) tiring than I thought.

6 The view from the mountain is __________ (the most/most) breathtaking.

7 He is __________ (the most/most) dedicated worker I know.

8 This game is __________ (less/more) challenging than the last one.

9 That was the __________ (least/less) interesting lecture I attended.

10 Her voice is __________ (the most/most) beautiful I have ever heard.

11 This puzzle is __________ (the most/most) difficult we’ve solved.

12 The new hobby is __________ (less/more) expensive than the old one.

13 That song is __________ (the most/most) popular among teenagers.

14 His skills are __________ (more/most) impressive than his previous work.

15 The new sofa is __________ (less/more) comfortable than the old one.

Exercise 4. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the adjective (positive,

comparative, superlative).

1 This hobby is __________ (popular) than I expected.

2 The film was __________ (boring) than the book.

3 My new hobby is __________ (exciting) than my old one.

4 That mountain is __________ (tall) of all in the region.

5 This activity is __________ (relaxing) after a stressful day.

6 Her painting is __________ (beautiful) than the others in the gallery.

7 The game was __________ (challenging) than I thought.

8 This restaurant is __________ (famous) for its delicious food.

9 That was the __________ (funny) joke I heard today.

10 His paintings are __________ (impressive) than many professional artists’.

11 Today is __________ (hot) than yesterday.

12 That was the __________ (difficult) test I’ve ever taken.

13 The lake is __________ (deep) in the area.

14 Her outfit is __________ (stylish) than mine.

15 This cake is __________ (sweet) than the one I baked last week.

Exercise 5. Write sentences comparing two or more things using the correct degree of

adjectives.

1 My bicycle is __________ (fast) than my friend's.

2 This mountain is __________ (high) than the hill nearby.

3 The new hobby is __________ (interesting) than the previous one.

4 Her dress is __________ (beautiful) than the one she wore last week.

5 That movie was __________ (exciting) than the last one I saw.

6 This room is __________ (bright) than the other one.

7 My dog is __________ (loyal) than my cat.

8 The view from the top of the hill is __________ (spectacular) than from the valley.

9 This puzzle is __________ (hard) than the previous one.

10 The lake is __________ (calm) in the early morning.

11 His explanation was __________ (clear) than hers.

12 This new book is __________ (informative) than the last one I read.

13 The city is __________ (large) than the town.

14 The weather today is __________ (cold) than yesterday.

15 This computer is __________ (powerful) than the old one.

Unit 6

World Culture

World culture is a complex and diverse tapestry of traditions, beliefs, arts, languages, and customs

that have evolved over thousands of years. It reflects the rich history of humanity and the

interconnectedness of different societies. As globalization accelerates, the exchange of cultural

elements has increased, leading to a more interconnected world. Despite this, many cultures strive

to preserve their unique identities and heritage. Understanding world culture is essential for

fostering mutual respect and cooperation among nations. It also provides insight into the ways

people live, think, and express themselves. In the modern era, technology plays a significant role in

shaping cultural practices and dissemination. Cultural differences can sometimes cause

misunderstandings but also offer opportunities for learning and growth. Appreciating diversity is

crucial for building a peaceful and inclusive global community. From ancient traditions to

contemporary innovations, world culture continues to evolve dynamically. Exploring various

cultures helps us appreciate the richness of human expression and the importance of cultural

preservation. Ultimately, world culture is a reflection of humanity’s collective journey through

history.

Exercise 1. Match the words with their correct definitions.

1 Culture

2 Heritage

3 Tradition

4 Diversity

5 Globalization

6 Identity

7 Customs

8 Evolution

9 Interconnectedness

10 Expression

11 Innovation

12 Preservation

13 Society

14 Heritage site

15 Anthropology

Definitions:

a) The shared beliefs, values, and practices of a community or nation.

b) The process of gradual development and change over time.

c) The act of maintaining and protecting something valuable.

d) The unique characteristics that distinguish individuals or groups.

e) The interconnectedness and mutual influence of different parts of the world.

f) The study of human societies, cultures, and their development.

g) The way people act or behave in a particular community.

h) The transmission of cultural elements from one generation to another.

i) The variety of different cultures, ethnicities, and traditions in the world.

j) Places of cultural or historical significance that are protected for their importance.

k) The way individuals or groups show their thoughts, feelings, or identities.

l) The ongoing process of change and development in cultural practices.

m) The set of shared practices, beliefs, and norms within a society.

n) The collective memory and legacy of past generations.

o) The process by which cultures adapt and incorporate new elements.

Exercise 2. Fill in the blanks with the correct tense form

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb in parentheses.

1 Many ancient cultures (leave) behind rich traditions that are still practiced today.

2 As societies (become) more interconnected, cultural exchange (increase) rapidly.

3 The concept of cultural identity (play) a vital role in shaping individual behaviors.

4 Historically, different regions (develop) unique customs and languages.

5 Today, technology (allow) us to access cultural content from around the world instantly.

6 When people (share) their traditions, they often (learn) from each other.

7 Cultural diversity (contribute) to the richness of human experience.

8 Many festivals (celebrate) the heritage of various communities.

9 Countries (strive) to preserve their cultural landmarks amid modernization.

10 New art forms (emerge) as artists (combine) traditional and contemporary styles.

11 The world (becoming) more aware of the importance of cultural preservation.

12 In the past, explorers (bring) diverse cultural elements to new lands.

13 Different societies (adapt) to changes over centuries.

14 Some traditions (disappear) due to modernization, but others (remain) strong.

15 Scholars (study) cultural evolution to understand human history better.

Exercise 3. Sentence transformation (Passive voice)

Transform the following sentences into passive voice.

1 People celebrate many festivals around the world.

2 Artists create new forms of expression constantly.

3 Cultures influence each other through trade and migration.

4 Historians study ancient artifacts and traditions.

5 Governments preserve important heritage sites.

6 Communities pass down traditions from generation to generation.

7 Scholars analyze cultural differences.

8 Modern technology facilitates cultural exchange.

9 People share their customs on social media.

10 Artists display their work in galleries.

11 Researchers discover new aspects of human history.

12 Countries promote cultural awareness campaigns.

13 Tourists visit heritage sites every year.

14 People learn about different cultures through travel.

15 Curators organize exhibitions about world culture.

Exercise 4. Use of conditionals

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb in parentheses.

1 If people (appreciate) cultural diversity, misunderstandings (decrease).

2 If I (visit) a new country, I always try to learn about its traditions.

3 If societies (preserve) their heritage, future generations (enjoy) their culture.

4 If artists (combine) traditional styles with modern techniques, they (create) unique works.

5 If we (ignore) cultural differences, conflicts (arise).

6 If countries (invest) in cultural education, awareness (grow).

7 If more people (participate) in cultural exchange programs, understanding (improve).

8 If technology (continue) to advance, cultural sharing (become) easier.

9 If communities (protect) their cultural sites, they (maintain) their identity.

10 If individuals (study) anthropology, they (gain) a better understanding of human societies.

11 If we (value) cultural diversity, the world (be) a more peaceful place.

12 If museums (not preserve) artifacts, they (be) lost forever.

13 If we (learn) about other cultures, stereotypes (break) down.

14 If traditions (disappear), a part of history (be) lost.

15 If everyone (respect) different cultures, global harmony (be) possible.

Exercise 5. Essay writing prompts

Write short essays (15 sentences each) based on these prompts, using at least five new vocabulary

words from Exercise 1.

Describe why preserving cultural heritage is important in today's world.

Explain how globalization influences local cultures.

Discuss the role of technology in promoting cultural exchange.

Reflect on the importance of diversity in global society.

Share your opinion on whether cultural traditions should be modernized or preserved.

Unit 7

Architecture and Artistic Heritage

Architecture and artistic heritage represent the physical and cultural identity of civilizations across

history. They serve as tangible links to the past, reflecting the social, political, and spiritual values

of different eras. From the grandeur of ancient temples and castles to the sleek lines of modern

skyscrapers, architecture encapsulates human ingenuity and artistic expression. Historically,

architecture has been both a functional necessity and an art form. The design of structures often

aimed to demonstrate power, wealth, or religious devotion. For example, the Egyptian pyramids

symbolize the divine status of pharaohs, while Gothic cathedrals showcase the high level of

craftsmanship and religious fervor of medieval Europe. Artistic heritage, on the other hand,

encompasses paintings, sculptures, manuscripts, and decorative arts that reveal the aesthetic ideals

and cultural narratives of societies. Preserving architectural and artistic heritage is crucial for

understanding our history and identity. It provides insight into the technological advances,

materials, and artistic techniques of past civilizations. Moreover, heritage sites attract millions of

tourists each year, contributing significantly to local economies and fostering cultural exchange.

However, many heritage sites face threats from urbanization, environmental degradation, and

neglect. Restoration and conservation efforts are essential to maintain their integrity while

respecting their original character. Modern technology, such as 3D scanning and digital modeling,

has become invaluable in these efforts, enabling precise preservation and replication. In the

contemporary world, architecture continues to evolve, blending traditional elements with innovative

ideas. Sustainable design practices aim to reduce environmental impact, ensuring that future

generations can also appreciate these cultural treasures. Ultimately, architecture and artistic heritage

are vital in shaping our collective identity and inspiring future creativity.

Exercise 1. Vocabulary Matching

Match the words to their correct definitions.

1 Heritage

2 Conservation

3 Monument

4 Innovation

5 Fervor

6 Restoration

7 Antiquity

8 Aesthetic

9 Dynasty

10 Craftsmanship

11 Urbanization

12 Materials

13 Cultural

14 Technological

15 Identity

Exercise 2. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the word in parentheses.

1 The ancient temple is a remarkable example of historical _________. (heritage)

2 Preservation of old buildings requires meticulous _________. (conserve)

3 The statue was erected as a ________ to the city’s founders. (monument)

4 Modern architecture is characterized by continuous _________. (innovate)

5 The community showed great ________ for their cultural traditions. (fervor)

6 The building underwent a careful _________ after years of neglect. (restore)

7 Artifacts from _________ times can be found in many museums. (antiquity)

8 The architect’s designs are admired for their ________ appeal. (aesthetic)

9 The Ming ________ ruled China for over 300 years. (dynasty)

10 The artist’s _________ was evident in every detail of the sculpture. (craftsmanship)

11 Rapid ________ has transformed many small villages into large cities. (urbanize)

12 Modern buildings often use innovative ________ like glass and steel. (material)

13 The festival is a significant part of the country’s ________ identity. (culture)

14 Advances in ________ have revolutionized how we restore historic sites. (technology)

15 The museum aims to preserve the ________ of the indigenous community. (identity)

Exercise 3. Correct the grammatical errors in the following sentences.

1 The heritage sites was damaged due to neglect.

2 Artworks from the medieval period is valuable for history.

3 Modern architects often combines traditional elements in their designs.

4 The government have launched a new conservation project.

5 Many tourists visits the ancient ruins every year.

6 The techniques of restoration was carefully studied by experts.

7 The cultural heritage are essential for understanding our past.

8 The building’s design are inspired by classical architecture.

9 The materials used in this sculpture is imported from Italy.

10 The preservation of historic sites is an important part of cultural identity.

11 The monument was built to commemorate the victory of the war.

12 The ancient manuscripts was preserved in a special climate.

13 The city’s urbanization led to many heritage buildings being demolished.

14 The techniques of the craftsmen was passed down through generations.

15 The museum showcases a collection of artifacts from the antiquity.

Exercise 4. Transform the following sentences into passive voice.

1 The architect designed the ancient monument.

2 Historians study the artistic heritage of different civilizations.

3 The city restored the old cathedral last year.

4 Experts analyze the materials used in the sculpture.

5 The government will preserve the cultural sites.

6 They discovered new artifacts from the medieval period.

7 The construction team repaired the historic bridge.

8 The museum exhibits a collection of ancient paintings.

9 The architects are planning a new sustainable building.

10 The workers cleaned the archaeological site.

11 Artists created masterpieces during the Renaissance.

12 The conservationists protected the heritage site from destruction.

13 The team will evaluate the condition of the ancient manuscripts.

14 The city is developing a digital model of the historic district.

15 The officials declared the monument a protected site.

Exercise 5. Fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions.

1 The monument was built ________ the memory ________ the heroes.

2 Many buildings are protected ________ UNESCO World Heritage sites.

3 The artist’s work is admired ________ people from all over the world.

4 Restoration efforts focus ________ maintaining the original appearance ________ the structure.

5 The city is famous ________ its rich cultural heritage.

6 The ancient manuscripts are kept ________ a secure climate-controlled room.

7 The new museum showcases artifacts ________ the ancient world.

8 Conservationists work tirelessly ________ preserving historic sites.

9 The architectural style ________ the Renaissance greatly influenced European buildings.

10 The sculpture was created ________ a single piece of marble.

11 The project aims to protect the heritage ________ future generations.

12 The old town is full ________ narrow streets and historic buildings.

13 The historical site is located ________ the center ________ the city.

14 The techniques ________ restoration have improved significantly over the years.

15 The festival celebrates the artistic and cultural heritage ________ the region.

Exercise 6. Use the words in brackets to form correct sentences.

1 The (preserve) of ancient buildings requires careful planning.

2 Many (art) from the Renaissance are displayed in the museum.

3 The (conserve) of cultural heritage is a global priority.

4 This ancient (structure) has stood for over a thousand years.

5 The (innovate) in restoration techniques has helped save many sites.

6 The city’s (expand) has led to a loss of some heritage buildings.

7 The (craft) of medieval artisans is highly valued today.

8 The (protect) of historic monuments is crucial for cultural identity.

9 The (restoration) project was completed ahead of schedule.

10 The (archaeology) team uncovered new relics.

11 The (digitize) of old manuscripts makes them accessible worldwide.

12 The (heritage) site attracts millions of visitors annually.

13 The (beautify) of the city includes restoring old facades.

14 The (display) of art in the gallery reflects various historical periods.

15 The (study) of historic architecture helps us understand past societies.

Exercise 7. Write questions for the following answers.

1 The monument was built in the 15th century.

2 Artifacts from the ancient world are kept in the museum.

3 The city has many UNESCO World Heritage sites.

4 The restoration of the cathedral was completed last year.

5 The architect designed a building inspired by Renaissance architecture.

6 The cultural festival celebrates local traditions.

7 The government funds projects to preserve historic buildings.

8 The ancient manuscripts are stored in a secure archive.

9 The museum hosts exhibitions of medieval art.

10 The new public park was designed to reflect the city’s heritage.

11 The Renaissance period greatly influenced European art and architecture.

12 The conservation team worked tirelessly to save the old bridge.

13 The city’s old town is a popular tourist destination.

14 The restoration techniques have improved significantly.

15 The region is famous for its artistic and cultural heritage.

Unit 8

Famous Museums of the World

Museums serve as gateways to the past, repositories of art, history, and culture, and they play a vital

role in the preservation and dissemination of human achievements. Among the countless museums

around the globe, certain institutions stand out due to their extraordinary collections, architectural

grandeur, and historical significance. The Louvre in Paris is arguably the most famous museum in

the world, boasting over 380,000 objects, including the Mona Lisa, which is arguably the most

renowned painting globally. It is the largest art museum in the world and attracts millions of visitors

each year, making it a symbol of French culture and history. Another iconic museum is the British

Museum in London, which houses a vast collection of artifacts from ancient civilizations, including

the Rosetta Stone and the Elgin Marbles. Its diverse exhibits span thousands of years and many

continents, making it one of the most comprehensive museums globally. The Metropolitan Museum

of Art in New York City, often called The Met, offers an incredible range of art from around the

world, from ancient Egyptian relics to modern American paintings. Its impressive collection makes

it one of the largest and most visited art museums in the United States. The Vatican Museums in

Vatican City are renowned for their magnificent Renaissance art, including Michelangelo’s Sistine

Chapel ceiling. They are considered some of the most extraordinary repositories of religious art and

history. The Prado Museum in Madrid is famous for its exceptional collection of European art,

particularly Spanish masters such as Velázquez and Goya. Meanwhile, the State Hermitage

Museum in Saint Petersburg is one of the oldest and most extensive museums in the world,

featuring over three million items, including works by Leonardo da Vinci and Rembrandt. In Asia,

the National Museum of China in Beijing is a prominent institution that showcases Chinese history

and cultural heritage. Its vast collection includes ancient bronzes, ceramics, and revolutionary

artifacts. The Tokyo National Museum in Japan is another major center of Asian art, with an

extensive collection of traditional Japanese and Asian artifacts. These museums are not only places

to view art but also symbols of national pride and cultural identity. Overall, the world's most

famous museums are remarkable not only because of their collections but also because of their roles

in education, cultural exchange, and the preservation of human history. Visiting these institutions

offers a unique opportunity to understand the diversity and richness of human civilization, making

them must-see destinations for travelers and scholars alike.

Degrees of Comparison of Adjectives

Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the adjective (positive, comparative,

superlative).

1 The Louvre is (big) than many other museums in the world.

2 The British Museum is (old) than the Museum of Modern Art.

3 The Vatican Museums are (beautiful) than most museums in Europe.

4 The Met is (famous) than many museums in the United States.

5 The Hermitage is (large) than the Prado Museum.

6 The National Museum of China is (interesting) than some smaller museums.

7 The Tokyo National Museum is (famous) in Asia.

8 The Museum of Modern Art is (modern) than the ancient museums.

9 The Louvre is (popular) than most other museums.

10 The British Museum is (big) than the Prado Museum.

11 The Vatican Museums are (impressive) than many religious museums.

12 The Hermitage is (old) than the National Museum of China.

13 The Met is (diverse) than many other art museums.

14 The Prado is (famous) for its European paintings.

15 The Tokyo National Museum is (large) than many smaller museums.

Exercise 2. Choose the correct form (positive, comparative, superlative).

1 The Louvre is (large / larger / the largest) than the Hermitage.

2 The British Museum is (old / older / the oldest) than the Museum of Modern Art.

3 The Vatican Museums are (beautiful / more beautiful / the most beautiful) than many other

museums.

4 The Met is (famous / more famous / the most famous) than the Prado.

5 The Hermitage is (big / bigger / the biggest) among all European museums.

6 The National Museum of China is (interesting / more interesting / the most interesting).

7 The Tokyo National Museum is (famous / more famous / the most famous) in Asia.

8 The Museum of Modern Art is (modern / more modern / the most modern).

9 The Louvre is (popular / more popular / the most popular).

10 The British Museum is (large / larger / the largest).

11 The Vatican Museums are (impressive / more impressive / the most impressive).

12 The Hermitage is (old / older / the oldest).

13 The Met is (diverse / more diverse / the most diverse).

14 The Prado is (famous / more famous / the most famous) for Spanish art.

15 The Tokyo National Museum is (large / larger / the largest) in Japan.

Exercise 3. Rewrite the sentences using the correct form of the adjective.

1 The Louvre is big, but the Hermitage is bigger.

2 The British Museum is old, but the Vatican Museums are older.

3 The Prado is beautiful, but the Louvre is more beautiful.

4 The Met is famous, but the British Museum is more famous.

5 The Hermitage is large, but the Met is larger.

6 The National Museum of China is interesting, but the Tokyo National Museum is more

interesting.

7 The Vatican Museums are impressive, but the Hermitage is more impressive.

8 The Museum of Modern Art is modern, but the Louvre is more modern.

9 The British Museum is popular, but the Prado is more popular.

10 The Hermitage is big, but the Louvre is the biggest.

11 The Vatican Museums are beautiful, but the Hermitage is the most beautiful.

12 The Hermitage is old, but the British Museum is older.

13 The Met is diverse, but the Hermitage is more diverse.

14 The Prado is famous, but the Louvre is more famous.

15 The Tokyo National Museum is large, but the Hermitage is larger.

Exercise 4. Correct the mistakes in the sentences below related to the degrees of comparison.

1 The Louvre is more bigger than the British Museum.

2 The Hermitage is the most old museum in Russia.

3 The Prado is more beautiful than the Vatican Museums.

4 The British Museum is the most famous than the Tokyo National Museum.

5 The Met is more larger than the Museum of Modern Art.

6 The Vatican Museums are the most impressive of all museums.

7 The National Museum of China is the most interesting than the British Museum.

8 The Hermitage is more old than the Louvre.

9 The Museo del Prado is the more famous art museum in Spain.

10 The British Museum is the biggest museum in the world.

11 The Hermitage is the most bigger museum in Russia.

12 The Louvre is the most beautiful museum in France.

13 The Tokyo National Museum is the most modern in Japan.

14 The British Museum is the more ancient museum in London.

15 The Vatican Museums are the most large museums in Italy.

Exercise 5. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the adjective in parentheses.

1 The Louvre is __________ (large) than many other museums.

2 The British Museum is __________ (old) than the Museum of Modern Art.

3 The Vatican Museums are __________ (beautiful) than most religious museums.

4 The Met is __________ (famous) than the Prado.

5 The Hermitage is __________ (big) among all European museums.

6 The National Museum of China is __________ (interesting) than some smaller museums.

7 The Tokyo National Museum is __________ (famous) in Asia.

8 The Museum of Modern Art is __________ (modern) than ancient museums.

9 The Louvre is __________ (popular) than most other museums.

10 The British Museum is __________ (large) than the Prado Museum.

11 The Vatican Museums are __________ (impressive) than many religious museums.

12 The Hermitage is __________ (old) than the National Museum of China.

13 The Met is __________ (diverse) than many other art museums.

14 The Prado is __________ (famous) for its European paintings.

15 The Tokyo National Museum is __________ (large) than many smaller museums.

Exercise 6. Write sentences comparing two museums using the correct form of the adjectives.

1 The Louvre is bigger than the Museum of Modern Art.

2 The British Museum is older than the Prado Museum.

3 The Vatican Museums are more beautiful than the Museum of Contemporary Art.

4 The Met is more famous than the Museum of Fine Arts.

5 The Hermitage is larger than the Tate Modern.

6 The National Museum of China is more interesting than the Museum of Japanese Art.

7 The Vatican Museums are more impressive than the British Museum.

8 The Museum of Modern Art is more modern than the National Gallery.

9 The Louvre is more popular than the Museum of Art in Berlin.

10 The British Museum is bigger than the Museum of Anthropology.

11 The Hermitage is more impressive than the Museum of Ancient Art.

12 The Tokyo National Museum is more famous than the Osaka Museum.

13 The Prado is more famous than the Museum of Catalan Art.

14 The Museum of Modern Art is more modern than the Museum of Traditional Art.

15 The Vatican Museums are more beautiful than the Museum of Religious Art.

Exercise 7. Write a short paragraph comparing three famous museums using superlative and

comparative forms of adjectives.

Unit 9

Classical and Contemporary Literature: A Comparative Perspective

Literature has always served as a mirror reflecting the evolving human condition, societal values,

and cultural paradigms across different eras. The dichotomy between classical and contemporary

literature represents not just a chronological distinction but also a profound shift in thematic

exploration, stylistic approaches, and ideological perspectives. Classical literature, often associated

with works from ancient civilizations such as Greece, Rome, and the Renaissance, is characterized

by its emphasis on universal themes like heroism, morality, fate, and the human soul. These texts

tend to employ formal language, intricate stylistic devices, and a focus on philosophical inquiries.

For instance, Homer’s epics, such as The Iliad and The Odyssey, explore heroism and divine

intervention, while Shakespeare’s plays delve into human nature and societal norms. In contrast,

contemporary literature reflects the complexities of modern life, including globalization,

technological advancement, and social justice issues. Modern works often adopt experimental

narrative techniques, colloquial language, and diverse perspectives to challenge traditional norms

and address issues like identity, gender, and political unrest. Writers like Toni Morrison, Haruki

Murakami, and Margaret Atwood exemplify this shift, employing innovative forms to depict the

multifaceted human experience. While classical texts often emphasize fixed moral codes and

idealized characters, contemporary works tend to question authority, explore ambiguity, and

highlight marginalized voices. The evolution from classical to modern literature mirrors broader

societal transformations, including shifts toward individualism, democratization, and cultural

pluralism. Despite their differences, both classical and contemporary literature serve vital roles: the

former as a foundation of cultural identity and moral philosophy, and the latter as a dynamic

reflection of ongoing societal change. Analyzing their interplay enriches our understanding of

human history, values, and the enduring power of storytelling.

Exercise 1. Vocabulary matching

Выберите правильное определение для каждого слова или выражения.

1 Dichotomy

2 Paradigm

3 Intricate

4 Marginalized

5 Emphasize

a) A complex or detailed structure or pattern

b) To highlight or stress something as important

c) A division into two contrasting parts

d) To treat someone or a group as insignificant or outside mainstream society

e) A typical example or model of something

Exercise 2. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words

Используйте слова из списка: themes, stylistic, narratives, societal, explore.

1 Classical literature often focuses on universal __________ such as heroism and morality.

2 Modern writers tend to experiment with different __________ techniques to challenge traditional

storytelling.

3 Literature reflects the values and changes within a __________ context.

4 Contemporary authors often __________ issues related to identity and social justice.

5 The __________ of a story can greatly influence how readers perceive its message.

Exercise 3. Correct the grammatical errors or make the sentences correct.

Исправьте ошибки или сделайте правильными следующие предложения.

1 Classical texts often employs complex language and philosophical themes.

2 Modern literature challenge traditional norms and explore new narrative forms.

3 The works of Shakespeare and Homer are considered as classical masterpieces.

4 Contemporary writers often focuses on marginalized voices and social issues.

5 Both classical and modern literature serve important roles in understanding human experience.

Exercise 4. Choose the correct tense and form

Заполните пропуски подходящими формами глаголов.

1 Classical literature __________ (be) a foundation for modern literary studies.

2 Many contemporary authors __________ (use) experimental techniques to depict modern life.

3 Historically, literature __________ (reflect) societal values and cultural norms.

4 Modern writers __________ (question) traditional authority and moral codes.

5 Both classical and contemporary works __________ (continue) to influence readers worldwide.

Exercise 5. Synonyms and antonyms

Подберите синонимы и антонимы к словам из текста.

1 Universal (synonym)

2 Fixed (antonym)

3 Innovative (synonym)

4 Traditional (antonym)

5 Reflection (synonym)

Literature: Classical and Contemporary - Multiple Choice Test

1. What does literature serve as according to the text?

a) A tool for political change

b) A mirror reflecting human condition, societal values, and cultural paradigms

c) An entertainment industry only

d) A collection of factual historical data

2. The dichotomy between classical and contemporary literature mainly refers to:

a) Different genres of writing

b) A chronological distinction and shift in themes and styles

c) The language used in texts

d) The geographical origins of the works

3. Classical literature is often associated with works from:

a) Modern technological societies

b) Ancient civilizations like Greece, Rome, and the Renaissance

c) Future speculative worlds

d) The 20th-century social movements

4. Which themes are emphasized in classical texts?

a) Identity and gender issues

b) Heroism, morality, fate, and the human soul

c) Globalization and social justice

d) Technology and innovation

5. Homer’s epics, such as The Iliad and The Odyssey, explore:

a) Modern political conflicts

b) Heroism and divine intervention

c) The future of humanity

d) Colloquial language and everyday life

6. How does contemporary literature differ from classical literature?

a) It uses more formal language and fixed themes

b) It reflects modern life complexities and adopts experimental narrative techniques

c) It only focuses on ancient myths

d) It avoids addressing social issues

7. Writers like Toni Morrison, Margaret Atwood, and Haruki Murakami are examples of:

a) Classical authors

b) Modern authors who employ innovative forms

c) Ancient Greek playwrights

d) Poets from the Renaissance

8. Contemporary works often question:

a) Heroism and morality

b) Authority and fixed moral codes

c) The existence of divine beings

d) Ancient civilizations

9. The evolution from classical to modern literature reflects broader societal transformations such

as:

a) A decline in cultural diversity

b) Shifts toward individualism, democratization, and cultural pluralism

c) The end of storytelling traditions

d) The dominance of a single moral perspective

10. According to the text, both classical and contemporary literature:

a) Serve identical roles in society

b) Have no influence on cultural identity

c) Serve vital but different roles in understanding human history and values

d) Are unrelated in their significance

11. Classical literature often employs:

a) Colloquial language and experimental techniques

b) Formal language and intricate stylistic devices

c) Only poetic forms

d) Modern slang and idioms

12. Which of the following best describes the themes of classical texts?

a) Fixed moral codes and idealized characters

b) Ambiguity and marginalized voices

c) Social unrest and gender issues

d) Technology and globalization

13. Contemporary literature tends to depict:

a) Clear-cut moral distinctions

b) Ambiguity and marginalized voices

c) Only personal stories without social relevance

d) Mythological themes only

14. The phrase "the enduring power of storytelling" implies:

a) Stories have only historical importance

b) Stories continue to influence and shape human understanding over time

c) Stories are losing their relevance in modern society

d) Only ancient stories are meaningful

15. The overall message of the text suggests that:

a) Classical literature is obsolete in modern times

b) Both classical and contemporary literature are essential for understanding human experience and

cultural development

c) Modern literature has replaced classical literature entirely

d) Literature has no impact on societal values